Wednesday, August 26, 2020

Agricultural Subsidies: Their Original Purpose and Impact Today Essay

Agrarian Subsidies: Their Original Purpose and Impact Today Substance Presentation: What are Farm Subsidies? 3 Government Intervention in Agribusiness 7 The Reality 9 Works Cited 12 â€Æ' Presentation: What are Farm Subsidies? The Agriculture division has changed greatly over the previous century in light of tremendous monetary change and innovative headways. Homestead appropriations are different types of installments from the central government set up with an end goal to settle costs, keep ranchers in business, and guarantee nature of yields. The central government at present pays $20 billion in real money every year to US ranchers and spent an expected $250 billion between 1995-2005. By and by, another ranch bill is spent like clockwork with the latest being in 2013 . Despite the fact that there are little changes with each former Farm Bill the lasting bits of enactment requiring US Department of Agriculture to control valuing and direct supplies go back to the nineteenth century. The Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) funds endowments and purchases surplus food to direct and consistent ranch pay. There are by and by eights different sponsorships: Direct Payments, Countercyclical Payments, Export Subsidies, Conservation Subsidies, Marketing Loans, Agricultural Research and Assistance, Disaster Aid, and Insurance. 1) Direct Payments: 5 billion every year The central government pays money endowments to landowners who produce: wheat, corn, sorghum, grain, oats, cotton, rice, soybean, minor oil seeds and peanuts. This blend of harvests are viewed as the main ten essential wares. An immediate installment is equivalent to the result of the installment rate for the particular harvest, the chronicled installment sections of land, and the recorded installment yield fo... ...z2yiN9IUsy>. Nathaniel, Jeroime. Ranch Bill 2013: An Inside Look At the Most Important Bill You've Never Heard Of. PolicyMic. Oct. 2013. 13 Apr. 2014 . Peterson, E. Wesley F. A billion dollars per day: The financial aspects and legislative issues of horticultural endowments. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. U.S. Division of Agriculture. U.S. Branch of Agriculture. 11 Apr. 2014 . U.S. Ranchers During the Great Depression. Farm Collector. 13 Apr. 2014 . White, Deborah. What Are U.S. Homestead Subsidies? About.com US Liberal Politics. 11 Apr. 2014 . Farming Subsidies: Their Original Purpose and Impact Today Essay Farming Subsidies: Their Original Purpose and Impact Today Substance Presentation: What are Farm Subsidies? 3 Government Intervention in Agribusiness 7 The Reality 9 Works Cited 12 â€Æ' Presentation: What are Farm Subsidies? The Agriculture segment has changed fantastically over the previous century in light of huge monetary change and innovative headways. Homestead appropriations are different types of installments from the central government set up with an end goal to settle costs, keep ranchers in business, and guarantee nature of yields. The central government as of now pays $20 billion in real money every year to US ranchers and spent an expected $250 billion between 1995-2005. By and by, another ranch bill is spent like clockwork with the latest being in 2013 . In spite of the fact that there are little changes with each previous Farm Bill the lasting bits of enactment requiring US Department of Agriculture to control estimating and manage supplies go back to the nineteenth century. The Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) funds sponsorships and purchases surplus food to direct and consistent homestead salary. There are by and by eights different appropriations: Direct Payments, Countercyclical Payments, Export Subsidies, Conservation Subsidies, Marketing Loans, Agricultural Research and Assistance, Disaster Aid, and Insurance. 1) Direct Payments: 5 billion every year The central government pays money endowments to landowners who produce: wheat, corn, sorghum, grain, oats, cotton, rice, soybean, minor oil seeds and peanuts. This mix of yields are viewed as the main ten urgent products. An immediate installment is equivalent to the result of the installment rate for the particular harvest, the verifiable installment sections of land, and the chronicled installment yield fo... ...z2yiN9IUsy>. Nathaniel, Jeroime. Homestead Bill 2013: An Inside Look At the Most Important Bill You've Never Heard Of. PolicyMic. Oct. 2013. 13 Apr. 2014 . Peterson, E. Wesley F. A billion dollars every day: The financial matters and governmental issues of farming appropriations. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. U.S. Branch of Agriculture. U.S. Division of Agriculture. 11 Apr. 2014 . U.S. Ranchers During the Great Depression. Farm Collector. 13 Apr. 2014 . White, Deborah. What Are U.S. Ranch Subsidies? About.com US Liberal Politics. 11 Apr. 2014 .

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Utility Programs And File Management Computer Science Essay

Utility Programs And File Management Computer Science Essay Utility program are programs that help in keeping up , controlling and dealing with the PC assets . the elements of utility program is that it performes a particular capacities as opposed to a significant capacity or applications, these projects help in the everyday exercises acted in a PC and help the PC to run in superior . document the board programs help us in overseeing records effectively , a record director is a program which furnish a UI to work with the record framework , in this program the documents is essentially shown in a progression and some other document administrators highlights are propelled by internet browsers which have forward and in reverse route keys . the more up to date graphical interfaces that accompanies working framework like windows 95 rendition have decreased the need to have an other record the executives programs For instance the T-mode authority is a well k now standard record overseeing program. The texA record supervisor program is a compter program that gives a graphical UI to work with the document framework, the commom activity performed on the documents or various records are . Make, Open ,Edit ,View ,Print ,Play ,Rename ,Move ,Copy ,Delete Furthermore, it likewise changes characteristics ,properties and authorization, some record chief gives organize availability from conventions, for example, FTP , NFS,SMB .this is accomplished by the client to peruse for a document server or by giving its own full customer executions for document server conventions. Plate the board program includes organizing and defragmenting the circles , defragmenting helps putting records on the plate with the goal that the full document is in a request which decreases the time which helps in finding the record ,a portion of the circle the board programs let us picked a specific number of records that are regularly gotten to ,similar to the working framework itself and every now and again utilized projects they are masterminded in the fornt of the circle. Defragmentation is a procedure which help lessen the measure of the fracture in record frameworks. This capacities by sorting out the substance of the plate to store the bits of each record near one another ,it likewise causes and endeavors to make enormous locale of free space utilizing compaction to obstruct the arrival of fracture. Discontinuity happens on the working framework when framework can't designate enough space to store a total record as a solitary unit , yet it places a piece of it in holes between different documents . bigger records and most extreme number of documents likewise add to discontinuity and result in frameworks execution misfortune. Other sort of defragmenters keep littler record inside a solitary registry, as the documents are frequently utilized accesed in succession. The development of the hard drives peruse and compose heads over the regions of the plate when getting to divided records is more slow contrasted with getting to a non divided document in grouping ,without moving the peruse and compose heads . Memory the board comprises of programming devices where the arbitrary access memory programs present information is shown. The memory at the same time is upgraded by making greatest usage of memory which is lying unused making it useable. Portion utilizes the framework memory and causes the information to get to remembering safety efforts according to requirement.segmentation brings about virtual addressing.virtual tending to encourages the bit to show the first physical location in type of a virtual location. The memory that is being prepared in the virtual location and the first contrasts fron each other. This aides in keeping up the excluisivity if the projects and abstains from slamming. On the framework reference is made to the information whose memory is missing.virtual tending to encourages the OS to store the information in different mediums like hard drive to supplant the information from the primary memory(RAM).Ending to empower the projects to utilize more memory than genuine present. Reinforcement programming :- Reinforcement programming is a product which reestablishes the sponsored up information , reinforcement is fundamental if u have any information which is significant and burden need to save it for some time . this reinforcement programming will pack the information to occupy the least room . In other word back up is a procedure of sponsorship up which makes duplicates of the information with the goal that these extra duplicates might be utilized to reestablish the first information if there is an information misfortune occasion There is two elements of reinforcement .thr essential capacity is to recoup information as a response to information misfortune it may be caused because of information erasure or adulterated information . also, the second reason for reinforcement is to recuperate information from a recorded timeframe inside the given obliges of client characterized approach ,it is designed inside a reinforcement application for to what extent duplicates of information are required ,back up recuperation is a piece of debacle recuperation plan bot the entirety of the reinforcement plans can reconstitute a PC framework ,or in other complex setups, for example, a PC group , dynamic catalog servers or a database server by reestablishing information from a back up A back up programming contains one duplicate of the information which merits sparing in this the information starage necessities are considered . before information is put away in the capacity area it is chosen , removed and controlled . a wide range of methods have likewise been created to enhance the back up technique which incorporates advancement for managing open documents and live information assets just as pressure ,encryption and duplication among others Information pressure Information pressure it is a procedure of encoding data utilizing the bits than the first portrayal would utilize . these projects press the space produced by the arranging plans The information pressure is useful in light of the fact that it helps in decreasing the utilization of the costly assets, for example, the hard circle space compacted information must be decompressed to be utilized and this additional preparing might be negative to certain applications. the information pressure conspires in this manner includes exchange off among different variables ,which incorporate the level of pressure ,and the measure of mutilation acquainted and computational assets required with pack and uncompress the information . the most established techniques utilized codes, for example, ASCII and EBCDIC these are instances of square codes at the point when source messages of variable lengths they are permitted a large number of the calculations , for instance in a book document preparing each character may comprise a message or messages might be characterized to comprise of alphanumeric and non alphanumeric strings . for models in a pascal source code every one of the token speak to a message . Against Virus : Against infection programming manages the progression of infections into a framework from different modes which are contagious.They are destructive to the framework as they can possibly crash the PC. Antivirus programming identifies and expels viruses,worms and Trojan ponies additionally forestalls and evacuates adware ,spyware and other malware There are different methodologies utilized ,signature based identification is a thoughtful which looks for known examples which expresses a substantial code.there is opportunities for a framework to be tainted with another outside malware which has no signature.heuristics is a superior choice to battle against such everyday dangers. One of the sorts of heuristics approach can recognize the noxious codes or slight varieties from which the infections are conceived or come to presence. Against infection programming can possibly disable the usefulness of a computer,people who are not all that acquainted with these dangers may experience issues in understanding the criticisms given by the PC and how to respond towards it to take care of the issue. An enemy of infection discovery procedure can be finished just when there is a sufficient harmony between the bogus negatives and bogus positives.false positive report s end up in demolition of the PCs memory. Working frameworks The working framework was made by the organization that made the processser and motherboard , so every one of the working framework was restrictive that is interesting for each maker Working framework performs numerous capacities and is in fundamental terms ,an interface between your PC and the outside world , as a PC comprises of a few sections including the screen ,console mouse and different parts ,the working framework gives an interface to the drivers this is the motivation behind why here and there when you introduce another equipment the framework requires a driver to introduce the product The working framework capacities with framework utilities that screen execution and troubleshoot the blunders and help in keep up the framework , it presents a lot of libraries which is utilized by applications to play out the assignments to empower direct communication with framework segments . the commom elements of working framework run straightforward to the clients . The sorts of the executives incorporate memory the board that is designation of the primary memory and the capacity regions for the framework programs and the client programs and usefull information . In input-yield the board co ordinates the distinctive yield and info gadget while at least one projects are being executed . Document the board is the capacity of records of different stockpiling gadgets and it encourages all documents to be effortlessly changed by utilizing the content tools Regular Operating Systems:- The victor in the PC showcase was MS-DOS, Microsofts Disk Operating System, and its twin at IBM, PC-DOS, likewise composed by Microsoft. Windows 95 and Windows 95 The past variants of Windows use DOS as the working framework and including a graphical UI which will do performing various tasks. Windows Me (Windows Millennium Edition) is an overhaul of Windows 98 Windows NT The NT originated from New Technology is a working framework for customer server type systems. Windows 2000 Overhauled adaptation of Windows NT instead of Windows 98?

Thursday, August 20, 2020

Learn The Complete Guide on How to Write an Essay Plan

Learn The Complete Guide on How to Write an Essay Plan Before we discuss how to write an essay plan, students must know about the meaning of both the words, i.e., essay and plan. Meaning of Essay Summary Meaning of EssayMeaning of an Essay PlanTypes of essaysNarrative essayDescriptive essayExpository essayPersuasive essayHow to write an Essay PlanUnderstand your topicGather information BrainstormingWrite your essay blueprintEditAvailability of Essay planning helpEssay writing help online service An essay is generally a piece of writing on a particular topic or subject in which the writer express his personal view on the issue. Meaning of Plan: Plan is like a blueprint, and it includes steps on how to do something in the future. Meaning of an Essay Plan An essay plan means including steps in which the writer plan his essay description in a proper manner. It includes the blueprint of the essay. A good essay plan helps you properly arrange your ideas. During the writing, process planning helps you to stay on track. Your plan should show how you are going to write your essay, including your evidence, arguments, view, etc. Types of essays Essay writing is a common task given to all students throughout their academic career. There are some types of essays which are given to students for writing. These are the following: Narrative essay The word narrative itself clear the meaning that in this writer narrate a story. For example, the writer describes a story about his real-life experience in the essay, and for it, the writer has to think and write about themselves. In a narrative essay, the writer should write an essay in a way that the reader gets involved in that story. Descriptive essay It includes the making of the picture in the mind of the audience through the words.  For example, if the writer explains about a place in his essay, then he/she explains about that place more thoroughly through the description. Expository essay The term Expository is derived from the word exposition, which means to expose, explaining, or describing something. An expository essay means writing on a particular topic that is going to explain, clarify, or illustrate related to the issue in such a way that it becomes clear for the reader. The writer describes the topic in an informative way. Persuasive essay A persuasive essay is an essay written by the writer in order to convince the audience about a particular idea, usually one that you believe in and have confidence in it. Writing a persuasive essay could be based on your knowledge and on anything which you have an opinion or that you can make a clear argument about. From the above discussion, now you all must be clear about the essay plan and types of essays. How to write an Essay Plan Here we provide right direction on how to write an Essay plan?. These are the following steps which a candidate should follow:- Understand your topic.Gather information from different sources.Brainstorming.Write your essay blueprint.Edit. Understand your topic First of all, understand your topic or know about the subject asked by the teacher to write. Most of the students do not understand the question given to them by their teachers. To understand your topic and ask for advice or guidelines from their teachers. Understanding the matter is most important because the planning of the whole essay depends upon it. Gather information In the second step, the writer will gather information about the topic from different sources. He/she can use published material like books, newspapers, articles, etc. They can also take help from google means they can do an online search like Wikipedia articles helps them to get their information. Youtube also helps them in providing information with the support of videos. Brainstorming In the above step, the writer gathers all the information needed for writing an essay. Now its time to start sorting this information in your mind that which material is useful or which is not helpful. Arrangement of the information is made at this point. Write your essay blueprint Start writing your essay with the help of information gathered in the above point. It includes an introduction, body paragraph, and conclusion. In the introduction, you introduce the topic, and it must be impressive, clear the meaning of the topic to the reader. You must make sure that your reader does not lose interest in the topic. In body paragraph, you include three to five-paragraph which explains the topic in detail. In conclusion, you conclude the essay by effectively summarising your topic and reader understand your point of view. Be yourself dont copy your essay from others. Edit One of the best ways to become an essay writer is to be an interested reader of good writing. In this step, you read your essay and pay attention to how you write your essay and relates it to the topic from the beginning to the end. No matter what you write, the most important part of the writing process is editing. Let your essay sit for some hours. Get up and walk away from it. Do something different and then come and read your essay with your readers in mind. After reading, do your editing work:- Is your point clear? Is your grammar correct? Did you make your point clear? From the above discussion know you have clear knowledge about how you can plan your essay. Availability of Essay planning help If you face difficulty in how you can plan your essay, then we provide help you in planning your essay. Thousands of students worldwide taking help from us in planning work of an essay. With the help of availability of planning facility, you can get ready the plan of your essay related to the topic on which you want to explain yourself and which may help in increasing the quality of your essay and help you to present your experience effectively. We provide help you in planning an essay from the selection of the topic to editing. Essay writing help online service We have well-experienced experts who have years of experience in their teaching field. We always deliver your essay planning writing help within the given time.Our experts provide the essay planning help services at affordable prices.Our expert team is available for your help, either its a day or night, i.e., 24/7 support is available.You can ask for the changes in your essay plan from our expert anytime.Every essay planning helps you get from our expert is in proper order.Our team of experts is wholly dedicated to delivering the best services. We have many customers who are happy and a hundred percent satisfied with our services.Your doubts and queries will be answered immediately by our experts. Now you have the services available on how to plan your essay, and you can write an essay according to that plan. Present your point of view more confidently and effectively in a pre-planned manner.

Sunday, May 24, 2020

Mutiny in the Manufacturing Department Free Essay Example, 1000 words

In addition to that, Deontology would also put emphasis on another aspect of Alan’ duty, namely his responsibility to nurture a good specialist. Indeed, as it is stated in the case study, it is quite obvious that if Bob had been allowed to make that mistake, he would have understood the fallacies in his thinking and would have improved as a professional. That is why Alan should have left that happen as being a lead supervisor one of his responsibilities is to train ordinary supervisors. So, in case he decides to support Coot, he will deprive Bob of a valuable lesson and, possibly, not let him enhance his skills. Since this is contrary to his duty, this should not be permitted. It may be particularly beneficial to engage a different ethical theory in order to make the analysis more objective. Thus, from the point of view of Utilitarianism, the situation in question should be evaluated, taking into account the benefit that each of the parties receives. It is beyond any doubt th at missing a deadline, loosing a major customer can hardly be outweighed by the possibility of professional development of a single employee. We will write a custom essay sample on Mutiny in the Manufacturing Department or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Moreover, if a company completes the order on time, satisfies the customer by doing so, enhances it reputation, prove competence of a veteran employee, all this in the long run will outweigh the negative consequences of not letting an inexperienced supervisor make a mistake. What is more important is that a simple assessment of the situation will show that more individuals will benefit from the outcome when Alan supports Coot than otherwise. Indeed, in this case the individual parties that will benefit are Alan, since he will not have any negative situation on his record, Coot, since he will prove himself as a true veteran, other employee who were engaged in completion of the order, as they will not be punished for not meeting the deadline. The only person who will suffer from negative consequences is Bob since he will be deprived of a chance to make a mistake that would teach him experience. On the other hand, if Alan chooses to support Bob, the la tter will be the only person to benefit from it. As one can clearly see, Alan should choose the approach which is provided by Utilitarianism. The major reason for doing so lies in the following: in spite of the fact that work should also be a place where one grows personally, individual and professional development should not come at cost of other people suffering or financial losses. Indeed, making mistakes is a part of development; however, it is clear that sometimes the positive knowledge that is gained through a mistake can hardly overweigh the negative experience that is brought by a mistake.

Wednesday, May 13, 2020

Dropping Out Of School Is More Common Than People Think

Introduction Dropping out of school is more common than people think because about one third of high-school freshmen do not graduate on time (Sweeten, Bushway, Paternoster, 2009). It is important to understand that dropout rates are higher for racial minorities, where 22 percent of non-Hispanic white youths dropped out of school and as for Hispanics 47 percent dropped out and African Americans 44 percent (Sweeten et al., 2009). Just from dropping out of school most dropouts will averagely make about 16,500 dollars a year as for having a diploma will have better chance of starting off about 26,000 dollars a year (Sweeten et al., 2009). Besides these low pay rates it is extremely important to comprehend that dropping out of school has a†¦show more content†¦It is community’s job to help build awareness that getting a good education may possibly lead to a great job and lower crime rates. By just simply helping kids who are struggling academically can potentially help th em get through school and keep them out of trouble. Its can sometimes be seen as students who are behind academically may get less attention and they may feel that its just easier to give up (Sweeten et al., 2009). Literature Review In 1938, Robert K. Merton came up with strain theory (Schmalleger, 2014). Strain theory states that social structure within the community can cause people to commit a crime (Schmalleger, 2014). Strain can lead to crime because it can be used as a coping mechanism because people can set a tough unrealistic goal that they cannot meet (Schmalleger, 2014). Having goals like wealth, status, and personal happiness are great to have but there are things a person must posses to have these such as an education, hard working and financial savings (Schmalleger, 2014). With these goals and not having these traits can increase strain on a human and they can change as a person (Schmalleger, 2014). Just like dropping out of school can be connected to strain because being academically to far behind can pressure a student to just take the easy route. Having poor academic abilities can get in the way of earning a high school diploma because the impact of strain it has on a student th ey might just

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Fashion Branding Free Essays

Dry. Hang Fashion brands in the Market place The Market place of MAC was solely built on the networking and the relationships the previous owners Frank Token, and Frank Angelo had with people in the fashion industry. The owners were tired of seeing makeup products that couldn’t sustain the abuse of studio lights so they decided to make a quality makeup company. We will write a custom essay sample on Fashion Branding or any similar topic only for you Order Now Frank Token was the idea behind the original project making formulas with his brother-in- law Victor Casual who was also a chemist (Evelyn, 2009). Frank Angelo came along to kind of help with the entrepreneurship aspect of the company, and they hit it off after that. Since both of the franks were already in the makeup, and hair industry they knew a lot of people that they could network their new makeup products too. Like I also mentioned before they were the first cosmetic line to offer a wide range of color lipsticks, most companies were mainly focused on skincare and facial products. MAC cosmetics were originally made for people in the high fashion industry, and were later pushed towards any and everybody in the fashion and keep industry (Evelyn, 2009). In 1986 MAC was styling fashion looks one being the concept of bald brides in Toronto fashion shows (Upgraded). In 1988 Henry Bended in New York was the first department store picking MAC’s cosmetics , followed by a 1994 campaign of â€Å"Who is the M. A. C girl† starring Our Paul nearly raising $1 million for their M. A. C AIDS fund. All this leads to MAC’s participation in their first New York fashion week with fashion designer Amateurs (Upgraded). MAC was also featured in one of the biggest fashion magazines Vogue in 1994 for the first time. That first New York fashion week runway then lead to MAC sponsoring over 850 shows, spread across 47 New York fashion week by 2012. By 2007 MAC’s AIDS fund raised over 236 million dollars with the help of celebrities such as Mary J. Bilge, Ill Kim, Nick Mina], Lady Gaga, and Rick Martin. We love the idea of being able to champion and solidify a strong point of view for the next generation,† says an Est ©e Lauder executive. â€Å"We’re a makeup-artist brand, and we’re inspired by the runway?it’s very organic. † said Esteem’ Lauder executive (Upgraded). One of MAC’s biggest introduction of endorsements were led by the likes of Pamela Anderson, Boy George, Debbie Harry, and other big stars in the ass’s this led to the company’s growth in the industry and marketplace (Evelyn,2009). How to cite Fashion Branding, Essays

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Changes in Music free essay sample

Opera was no longer a luxury afforded only by the aristocracy, it was now open to the general public, who went to hear the beautiful arias in particular. The previous musical style had been quite simple. The arias in Cassinis Eel Uneven Masque are characteristic of the style that was present at the beginning of the seventeenth century. Canine himself named them Cantonese a us did aria, which suggests a relationship between the poetry and the music. The poems are all strophic and they are set for solo voice along with a continuo accompaniment.They have quite a lot of ornamentation. The strophic aria was common during the first half of the seventeenth century. The majority of them were In a recitative style but some of them made use of regular rhythmic patterns. Most arias from Venice before 1660 are in either triple time or a mixture of triple and duple, and they had four or more verses. The vast majority of them had a continuo accompaniment, along with instrumental riotousness between verses. These arias in which instruments would appear between verses or accompanied the voice were known as aria concentrate.They first appeared in the 1 asss and grew in popularity a little as the century went n, although they did not come into prominence until the time of the opera series. They tended to be accompanied by the strings and the continuo, sometimes with an added trumpet. In Italy especially, the aria became the supreme expression of musical style and development. During the first three quarters of the century, Venetian opera became the catalyst for the development of Baroque musical styles and by the end of the century, opera had become the most important form of musical expression all over Europe, including places such as Germany.It was usual practice to have approximately twenty-four arias in an opera during the first half of the seventeenth century, but due to the pu blic demand for arias, it was now common to have up to sixty arias in any given opera. Composers and librettists thus needed to respond to the demand for arias and recitatives. They rose to this challenge by writing their verses in such a way that made them more suitable for arias, and whenever the dialogue or the scene provided an opportunity, composers would write aria-Like lyrical expansions. 4 Strophic arias, in which a number of verses were sung to the same music, However, times were changing.Previous to this, the focus of the aria had been on the Norms, and the music was composed to add dramatic effect to the lyrics. But now composers were becoming much more inventive with their own music. Their concern for the form of the music was beginning to outweigh their concern for the drama. They began to care less and less about the poetry and they were discovering purely musical ways to dramatist and define the aria. They became much more aware of Nor painting and of composing the music so that the theme would be evident. Thus the themes became much more substantial and original.This became noticeable particularly around the sasss. The previous triple time which had been favored, Nas now being replaced with common time. More and more frequently, the continuo Mould begin a theme, which would be repeated by the vocalist and then the two Mould engage in a simple form of counterpoint. However, sometimes it was the voice that began, and it would begin with a dominating fugue which the entire aria was then based on. This was known as motto aria and was common in the sasss and the sasss. Composers were beginning to feel that the strophic aria was too long.They felt that it was sufficient to repeat particular lines of the poem a number of times, instead of having long verses. They now turned towards a different form of aria, Inch consisted of one strophe with an integrated musical repeat. The first and second half of the poem would have separate pieces of music, but then the first half Nas repeated again. This produced an ABA form, which came to be known as the dad capo aria. This form of aria became by far the most frequently used and by 1680 had gained a position of dominance, particularly in Venice, which was still the centre of peer.It was the culmination of a long search for strong musical character and was perfect for musical drama, as although they tended to be quite short, each section Nas exactly the right length to sufficiently portray the emotion of the piece. The majority of arias during this time period were based on rhythms from the march, segue, serenade or minuets, although there were also others that were based on station bass patterns and instrumental retelling. Towards the end of the century, the running bass accompaniment was also used, which consisted of eighth notes laded in a flowing movement.When one is studying the development of the aria and the recitative from this period, there is one opera that cannot be overlooked. It is, of course, Poppa by Monteverdi. This opera marked a definitive step In the establishment of modern opera6. Monteverdi shows strong evidence of being influenced by contemporary dramatic style. There is practically no sign of the chorus. Arias and recitatives, along Ninth madrigal style duets, make up the majority of the opera. He demonstrated through the music a strong sense of passion and drama.He refused to confine myself to the typical rules and conventions of composers at the time. Instead, he focused himself fully on each dramatic spectacle and wrote the music accordingly. He employed the recitative as the main source of drama and emotion, with the aria simply sustaining the power that had already been portrayed through the recitative. The word recitative literally means to recite and is essentially a form of sung dialogue. A rough form of recitative was around as early as 1626, but it only became clearly defined during the seventeenth century.The general style of the recitative has en compared to Greek music, psalmists chant and the singing of poetry to standard formulas, as stated by Claude V. Papilla. However, it is like none of these, as it focuses strongly on the meaning of the poetry which it is attempting to convey. Before the year 1650, the recitative was employed to portray the moment of the most passion and emotion. However, throughout the course of the seventeenth century, the aria became more dominant and the recitative was used as a kind of prologue to set the scene.It was based on choral harmony and controlled dissonance, and it allowed the natural rhythmic inflections and accentuations of speech. Its magic was in the fact that it was at times free form and at times controlled by harmony and measured rhythm. It was Peer who came up with the idea to try freeing the voice from the accompaniment both rhythmically and harmonically, yet still retain a sense of musicality and coherence. He desperately wished to discover a compromise between the sustained, measured fluidness of song and the quick, natural inflections of speech. He employed word painting to portray particular emotions and feelings.For example, if he wished to convey despair, he reached for a higher pitch, while if he Noshed to portray death or depression, he made use of the lower register. In comparison to this, Cassinis version of the recitative was much sweeter in tone and they were often separated by arias. Monteverdi recitative closer to the style of Perils, as he focused on the natural speech inflections of the poems. The main pauses took place at irregular intervals of time, although he maintained a more continuous line and rhythm than Perl. He also chose many dissonant tones in order to better convey he emotion of the words.This harmonically diverse, melodically expressive8 recitative gave way to a number of different conventions by the end of the seventeenth century. This carefully notated rhythmic form of recitative was replaced by a quicker form, which consisted mainly of quavers, with added semiquavers and crotchets occasionally. Recitatives were nearly always sung by a solo singer. There Nerve a few odd occasions, especially towards the end of the seventeenth century, in Inch recitatives in two parts could be found, but these were extremely rare and not at all common practice.There were noticeable differences between the styles of recitative in Italy, France, Germany and England. The French form of recitative was based around loose, free rhythmic patterns, as it was modeled on the spoken theatre of the time. The Italian recitative was strongly accentuated at punctuation marks and had a less flowing melodic style than the French form. The German recitative was largely based on the historian, which involved chanting biblical text. Finally, in England, the recitative was closer to the arioso than it was to any of the other styles of recitative that were merging from the other countries.Changes of mood and feeling through the striking harmony and rhythm. There were two particular types of recitative emerging, the recitative simple, later known as the recitative cosec and the recitative obbligato, later known as the recitative accompanist. The former was accompanied by a basso continuo and attempted to portray the piece as speech like as possible. The latter made use of other features, such as an orchestra to help dramatist particular moments and punctuate phrases. Ere orchestra tended to sustain chords or play scales and short melodic fugues.In France, Lully was perfecting his own style of recitative. This also had two particular forms. The first was the rcitation simple, which involved shifting the meter between duple and triple time. The other form of recitative was the rcitation measure, which Nas a little bit more song like and had a measured, deliberate accompaniment. As Claude V. Papilla states, consonant, rapid, speech like recitative delivered the exposition necessary to the presentation of the next attractions, be it lyrical aria, chorus, or dance. The recitative became the method in which to convey the dialogue. E dryness of the recitative lent prominence to the arias. A good example of a typical opera from this time period was Glancing Felicia by Carlo Francesco Pollard. It consisted of a clearly separated recitative and aria, each of these following the established conventions. The dialogue is in plain recitative Introit Melissa or other such variations. We can witness the start of the aria through the shift to rhymed, steadily rhythmic verse, and the arias are almost always found at the end of scenes. In conclusion, I believe that the seventeenth century was a time of great change n music, particularly in opera.

Thursday, April 2, 2020

Principles and Practice free essay sample

Part 1: Principles of Effective CommunicationChapter 1: Foundations of Management CommunicationChapter 2: Setting GoalsCase: Yellowtail Marine, Inc. Chapter 3: Audience AnalysisCase: Weymouth Steel CorporationChapter 4: Point of ViewCase: Smith Financial CorporationChapter 5: Message: Content and ArgumentCase: Cuttyhunk Bank (A)Chapter 6: StructureCase: McGregors Ltd. Department Store Chapter 7: Choosing MediaCase: The Timken Company Chapter 8: Style and Tone Case: Vanrex, Inc. Part 2: ApplicationsChapter 9: Giving and Receiving FeedbackCase: Bailey and Wick Chapter 10: Managing Meetings Case: Lincoln Park Redevelopment Project Chapter 11: Communicating ChangeCase: Hammermill Paper CompanyChapter 12: Communicating with External Audiences Case A: Oxford Energy Case B: NutraSweetChapter 13: Diversity and Intercultural CommunicationCase A: Reed-Watkins PharmaceuticalsCase B: International OilChapter 14: Personal and Corporate EthicsCase A: Hal of Erhardt Company: One Audit Senior’s DilemmaCase B: McArthur PlaceChapter 15: Electronic CommunicationCase A: The E-Mail EncounterCase B: Unifone CommunicationsPart 3: TechniqueChapter 16: Effective WritingStyle manual to be cross-referenced throughout the courseChapter 17: Effective SpeakingStyle manual on speaking, use of graphics, and group presentation to be cross referenced throughout the courseAppendix Case 16: Dotsworth PressCase 17: Fair is Fair, Isn’t †¢Identifying external communication ne eds according to your different audiences and in different contexts. We will write a custom essay sample on Principles and Practice or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For instance, a project may involve the participation and coordination of various other organizations that need a permanent communication system to work together in organizing events or developing and sharing documents related to the events. Another project may involve posting a survey on the Web site that needs to be simple and straightforward to entice the audience to respond immediately and seek future results. Engaging the board of directors in a more active role in the strategic planning of the organization may also require a special communication set-up that would facilitate sharing documents, receiving feedback and having virtual meetings to finalize decisions. †¢Identifying the tools that would effectively engage external audiences in a two or multi-way communication practice with the organization, as related to a specific project or to an organizational objective. For the first case mentioned above, setting an electronic discussion group for a specific project and setting up a private site to share documents would facilitate the communication and coordination among all the actors involved in it. For the third case, you may want to setup a private site where the board of directors can look at financial statements and strategic plans, send their comments on specific issues to the rest of the board, and coordinate a virtual meeting to discuss critical issues and finalize decisions and recommendations regarding the organization. †¢Building awareness of external audiences in engaging in a two or multi-way communication system that will improve the execution of specific projects or achieve specific goals related to the organization.

Sunday, March 8, 2020

PCI, Case Study, Mia Case Study Essays

PCI, Case Study, Mia Case Study Essays PCI, Case Study, Mia Case Study Paper PCI, Case Study, Mia Case Study Paper INTRODUCTION The issue started on February 2008 when the new appointed Managing Director of PCI Sdn Bhd, En Ghani reviewed 2007 Financial Report and found out there were recent increases in costs of goods sold and inventories. The rate of increase in costs of goods sold had been disproportionate with growth of sales. En Ghani was informed that one of the reasons for the increase in cost was because of the current purchasing system that contributes to redundant purchasing and high inventory holding costs. Siti Aminah, the Chief of Financial Officer was asked to review the current purchasing system and suggested the need to implement a new computerized purchasing system that would help relieve some of its manual operations and at the same time would ensure it has the proper controls in place. En Ghani requested a formal report on current purchasing system and suggestion for a new system before the next management meeting which would be in two weeks time. En Ghani assigned Siti Aminah on the special task instead of the senior Chief Production Officer and she did not have any experience in system and technology. The new system must be able to reduce costs, enhance control and provide easy management of users and services in qualitative and quantitative ways. CHARACTERS En Ghani : as the new appointed Managing Director of Penda Cable Industry Berhad, who reviewed past year Financial Report and asked for formal report from Siti Aminah. Siti Aminah : the Chief of Financial Officer that being asked to make formal report instead of the Senior Chief of Financial Officer. CURRENT PURCHASING SYSTEM IN PCI Purpose : to ensure the purchase of raw material (exclude external Aluminium cable scap) that was required for the manufacturing of cable, conductors and associated products. 1) Monthly Raw Material Summary Cik Lim General Manager of Material Resources and Planning En Razi Assistant Purchasing Manager (MRMS) Review 1st week of Forecasted Monthly Every month Material Requirement En Sam General Manager Purchasing (MMR)MRMS Planning Section En Razi 2) Cik Anne Purchasing Clerk RM100 000 En Ghani Filing En Min Raw Material Storekeeper RM 100 000 Cik Lim PURCHASE ORDER COCORDER CONFIRMATION CompetitiveNot En Sam En Razi Vendors Competitive Quotation Quotation 3) Suppliers Invoices Cik Lim Cik Anne Coded, Batched and Checked Invoices Delivery Store Received a) Verification Order Notes b) Account Payable Reference No. En Min c) Update Account Payable list in Assistant Finance Manager the computer. 4) Enclosed with the return receipt of cheque / TT for notification of payment DO,COC Vendors MaterialRAW MATERIAL STORE RMRR VCAR Financial Department (for payment) InvoicePURCHASING SECTIONShipping Document Shipping PCI BANK Document VOUCHER Voucher Approved Delivery Order RMS 2 Form Purchasing Clerk En Min Assistant Finance Manager Signed QUANTITATIVE DECISION | 2006| 2007| GROSS PROFIT MARGIN(Gross Profit/Revenue)| (12086851/176877312) = 0. 07| (48053370/298146915) =0. 16| OPERATING PROFIT MARGIN(Operating Profit/Revenue)| (6386819)/176877312 =(0. 03)| 35657392/298146915 =0. 12| INVENTORY TURNOVER(COGS/Inventories)| (164,790,461)/27434751=(6) | (250,093,545)/45,575,893=(5. 48)| AVERAGE COLLECTION PERIOD(Debtors/(Revenue/360))| 15,506,128/(176,877,312/360) =31. days| 8,453,275/(298,146,915/360) =10 days| Gross Profit Margin When the company shows the higher GPM, it indicates that the company is better in controlling their cost of sales. PCI gross profit margin in 2007 is higher than 2006. It means that the company can manage their cost of sales. For becoming years they need to make an agreement with their suppliers to prevent raw material price increase. Operating Profit Margin When the company shows higher operating profit margin ratio, it indicates that the company is profitable. Based on the calculation, PCI current year shows an improvement from the previous year. For becoming years, operating expenses in terms of administrative and selling expenses need to be avoided from getting increase to maintain the profit. Average Collection Period (Debtor) The shorter the period to collect payment from debtors, the more efficient the company is in handling their debtors. CONCLUSION As for conclusion, Siti Aminah can suggest only to maintain their old system instead of new purchasing system. This is because, the current situation did not incurred too much damage to the company, the company still can sustain even though they have to buy the raw materials in higher price. PCI is not the only company that have problem in purchasing their raw materials but all the purchasing departments across the industry experienced similar dilemma. Their main dilemma included establishing and maintaining profitable supplier relationships, confronting the problem of price increases and ensuring supply quantity. What they need actually do is to pressure suppliers to keep prices low when the cost of raw materials decreases. They can better do this by keeping their own tabs on the raw materials market.

Thursday, February 20, 2020

Research Paper On Stem Cell Research Legislation And The Related Legal

On Stem Cell Legislation And The Related Legal Issues - Research Paper Example The issue of stem cell research legislation came to the scene in late 1998 when researchers realized the isolation of human embryonic stem cells. This discovery was done by Dr. James Thomson and it gave an immense promise for new means of disease treatment. Today scientists are finding news ways of using these stem cells in repairing worn out tissues. The history of stem cells research involves human stem cells as well as animal stem cells. The stem cells are usually found in the embryos like in adult creatures. In November, 1998, James Thomson who discovered the stem cells isolated cells from the internal cell mass of early embryos and went on to build up the initial stem cell lines. At the same time, germ cells were derived from cells in fetal gonadal tissue by John Hopkins. They were referred to as primordial germ cells. It is from both stem cells and the primordial germ cells that pluripotent cells were developed. In human cell research, a blastocyst which came from in vitro fert ilization was used. In 2000 funding of such research was allowed by President Clinton but only from cells of aborted human fetus. However later president Bush allowed it on existing human embryonic stem cell lines as noted by Furcht, Hoffman and Reeve (2011). How It Compare To Comparable Statutes in the Rest of the World The argument of using the embryo for stem cell research is becoming a worldwide concern, varying from country to country. However, some parts of the world seem to be on board in relation to stem cell research and its great role appears to be making a difference. The research is also getting backed up with government financing and grants. In China, there is the StemCells China which connects people all around the Globe with active stem cell treatment centers in country. The stem cell therapy and umbilical cord stem cells are relatively unestablished in the west and have experienced a long history. Doctors treating patients in these centers have come across hundreds o f cerebral palsy. Most of the genetic disorders react well to umbilical cord cells as well as cord blood cells. In Australia there is the Australia Stem centre and the embryonic stem cells are acquired from embryos from eggs fertilized through the in vitro fertilization procedures in the clinics. From this the spare embryos not needed during implantation are used and donated for purpose of research only with consent from donors. However in Australia it is illegal to conduct research from naturally conceived embryos thus these cells are not derived from fertilized eggs within the woman’s body. This is because of the fact that embryos are not particularly created for research functions. There has been a wide range of views on human embryonic stem cell research in world. The increasing case of those against embryonic stem cell research is based on the idea that it is destructive to human embryo according to Lanza (2004). For instance, for those who perceive a fertilized egg as a live consider the research pure misery. Other countries consider it as group of cells with the possibility of becoming a human but not an actual human and in this case stem cell research is encouraged. However there seems to be global agreement to the issue of stem cell research particularly its significant contribution to the society thus making many countries support it according to Kelly (2007). As a result there is

Tuesday, February 4, 2020

Diet Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Diet Analysis - Essay Example On the other hand, the carbohydrate backbone of DNA deoxyribose is an example of unequal numbers of carbon and water, as shown by the formula C5H10O4. Carbohydrates perform a wide variety of functions in the human body. These macronutrients may function as storage for energy in the form of starch and glycogen. They can also function like cellulose and chitin as structurally significant molecules. As mentioned earlier, carbohydrates like deoxyribose and ribose play key roles in heredity as the backbone of the genetic molecule DNA and RNA. Physiologically, ribose is also an important component in coenzymes like flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). Secondly, proteins are another class of organic compounds which fall under the macronutrient category. Structurally, proteins are typically one or more polypeptide chains linked together that fold into different forms depending on their biological function. A polypeptide, for example, is an amino acid polymer chain linked together by peptide bonds. Depending on their function, proteins may fold into one of two configurations, globular or fibrous, and in this folding they add on non-peptide groups called cofactors or prosthetic groups depending on their biological function (i.e. the Heme group in Hemoglobin). Humans tend to require a great amount of proteins, because like carbohydrates, the macronutrient plays different roles in almost all cellular processes. The most common notion people have of proteins is their role in mechanical and structural support. This involves the actin and myosin found in the muscles as well as the proteins which build the cytoskeleton, the structure that supports and shapes the cells. Some proteins also function as catalytic enzymes which facilitate physiological reactions, specifically in metabolism. As mentioned earlier proteins,

Monday, January 27, 2020

Slavery And Plantation In Trinidad And Tobago

Slavery And Plantation In Trinidad And Tobago Slavery and Plantations have always been linked, driven by economic objectives (Williams 1994), from the earliest period of sugarcane cultivation in the Caribbean. Despite the complexity of the events and circumstances that created this relationship, sugar growth and slavery both were booming during the relatively peaceful early years of the 18th century. The European need for sugar had been increasing, and Englands sugar demands led the pack. The British islands like TT were a mono-crop society, with few settlers growing anything but sugarcane The Business of Slavery The Triangular Trade is a term commonly used in discussions of the slave trade. Slaves would be brought from Africa to the plantations, which would send sugar and other local goods to Europe, who would in turn send goods to Africa. The goods usually sent to Africa were guns and other manufactured items because there was no industry in Africa. In the West Indian islands like TT, however, the selling of slaves was an important part of the economy. The need for more slaves was always greater than the market could provide, and the West Indian companies were opened up in the 1700s to outside trade to help provide additional slaves to colonies that produced sugar. The French encouraged this trade on their islands by exempting slaves from most import and export taxes. Life on Plantations Working Conditions: Slave Labour in Plantations the toughest season, a season of toil from sunrise to twilight, bare ankles and calves stung by cowitch, knotted muscles slashed by cane leaves that cut like straight razors, backs split open by the whip The plantation land consisted of cane-fields, provision grounds, woodland and pasture. Each planter preferred to have more than 200 acres of cane land. Provision grounds were used by the slaves to cultivate root crops, plantains and vegetables for food. The woodland provided lumber and firewood and the pasture was used for grazing cattle (Handler 1965). The cane fields had either newly planted canes or ratoons. The ratoons were new shoots growing from old cane roots which were left in the ground after a previous crop of cane was harvested. Usually a ratoon field was less productive. A typical sugar estate had factory buildings such as the mill, boiling house and curing house. Around these factory buildings there were other smaller buildings and sheds in which, blacksmiths, wheelwrights, carpenters, masons, coopers and other artisan slaves worked. There would also be a small hospital for sick slaves, and a small jail which kept slaves who were being punished. There were storage rooms for tools and supplies and sheds which sheltered livestock or stored cane trash or bagasse which was used as fuel. Not far from the factory buildings were small houses in which the European managers and supervisors lived. They were generally overseers, book-keepers, skilled craftsmen and office staff. In the biggest house lived the estate owner. The slave quarters were some distance away from the homes of the managers. A work day consisted of 15-16 hours a day, during harvest time and, could go on during harvest and milling for 16-18 per week 7 days a week and according to Stampp (1956) the slaves were given the task to prepare the land for planting. Their normal working day began before daybreak and ended after sunset. They cleared the grass and bushes by weeding and burning (children between the ages of six and ten might be active as water carriers while children between the ages of ten and twelve were organized into gangs and put to weeding). Cane holes were dug and into these cane tops were planted. As the cane grew, gangs of slaves manured the field and weeded bushes that sprang up around the cane plants. Female slaves did much of the weeding and the manuring. After 12 to 15 months the cane was now mature. The field was set afire to burn off the leaves from the cane stalks and at the same time to get rid of snakes which lived there. The field slaves, using cutlasses, then cut the cane stalks, packed them in bundles and loaded them on to ox-drawn carts which transported them to the mill. At the mill, the cane was crushed and the juice flowed through gutters to large metal containers. The cane trash was removed and stored for use as fuel for the boilers. The juice in the large containers was clarified by heating and the addition of a small quantity of lime. This clarified juice was then ladled into a copper boiler in which it was boiled. After a while, the juice from this copper boiler was ladled into a smaller boiler and was boiled again and then still further in a yet smaller boiler. By then, it had changed into sticky syrup which was allowed to cool, and then poured into wooden hogsheads standing on beams in the curing house. Through small holes at the bottom of the hogsheads, molasses seeped out and was collected in containers set below the beams. After about three weeks, the remaining syrup in the hogsheads crystallised to form sugar. The sugar remained in the hogshea ds which were later packed into ships for export to Europe. Some estates also manufactured rum by fermenting juice from the first boiling and about the same quantity of molasses. Almost all of this specialised work carried out in the manufacture of sugar and rum was done by skilled artisan slaves who were highly valued by their owners. During the milling season, slaves worked in shifts throughout the day and night. Even after the crop season was over, the estate owner did not allow his slaves to be idle. The fields had to be prepared for the new crop, weeding and manuring of the ratoons had to be done, and repairs to drainage and irrigation canals, fences and buildings had to carry out. Work was even found for children from the age of six years old. They collected firewood, cut grass to feed farm animals and fetched drinking water to slaves working in the fields. The plantation owners did not want their slaves to involve themselves in idle conversation since they felt that the discontented slaves may use the occasion to plot rebellion. Punishments While each plantation had its own set of social, religious, and labour codes, all had the basic format for an instilled hierarchy in which the slave master reigned as gad. He maintained the element of slave misery, by controlling the degree of pain (Starobin 1974). Treatments were given such as mutilation, branding, chaining, and murder which were supposedly regulated or prohibited by law. Whippings, beatings, drownings, and hangings were as unpredictable as they were gruesome. It was clear to plantation owners that slavery could not survive without the whip (even though owners were forbidden to deliberately kill or maliciously mutilate a slave). Males and females were whipped indiscriminately. The severity of whipping depended on the number of strokes to the type of whip. Fifteen to twenty lashes were generally sufficient, but they could range much higher. Other items used for punishments included stocks, chains, collars, and irons. It was also commonplace that women could be raped by the owner of the plantation, his sons or, any white male. Methods of Control The White plantation owners in TT used various methods to maintain complete control over their slaves. Their principal method was that of divide and rule. Members of the same tribe were separated on different plantations to prevent communication between them. The aim behind this was to prevent any plans to rebel if they were together. This separation, however, created a problem of communication, since the plantation would have different groups of slaves speaking different languages. Therefore, the planters had to find a way to communicate with their slaves. Soon a new language, known as Creole, developed and this became a common tongue among the slaves. When the British took control of the twin islands in the nineteenth century, English words were injected into the language and it became the basis of the Creolised language. Slaves were also prevented from practising their religions. Quite a few slaves were Muslims while many others had their own tribal beliefs. But since the Christian planters saw non-Christians as pagans, they made sure that the slaves could not gather to worship in the way they were accustomed when they lived in Africa. Later Christian missionaries were permitted on the plantations and they were allowed to preach to the slaves on Sundays. In time, many of them were converted to Christianity; it was the general feeling that the converted slaves became docile and was not willing to support rebellion on the plantations. Another means of control was the creation of a class system among the slaves. Field slaves formed the lowest group, even though some of them had special skills. The lowest ranking slaves, the backbone of the plantation economy, were the field slaves. The field slaves were divided into gangs according to their physical strength and ability, with the strongest and fittest males and females in the first gang. The incentive used to encourage hard work, was lashes of the cart whip, which were freely administered by the drivers, who were privileged slaves under the overseers supervision. Higher up the slave hierarchy were the artisan slaves such as blacksmiths, carpenters and masons, who were often hired out by the planters. These slaves also had opportunities to earn money for themselves on various occasions. Still higher up in this class system were the drivers who were specially selected by the White planters to control the other slaves. The domestic or house slave had a special place in this arrangement, and because they worked in the masters house and sometimes receiving special favours from the master, they held other slaves in contempt. Usu ally, the slaves in the lowest rung of this social ladder were the ones who rebelled and often domestic slaves were the ones who betrayed them by reporting the plots to their master. Then there were divisions based on colour. In the early days, it was relatively easy for a pure African to rise to the level of a driver. But mixtures occurred through the birth of children as a result of unions between White men and black women (mulatto), White men and mulatto women (mestee) and mulatto men and black women (sambo). Some slaves of succeeding generations thus had lighter complexions, and the White planters discriminated in favour of them. These slaves with White fathers or White relatives were placed in positions above those of the field slaves. This was the beginning of colour discrimination in the Guyanese society. Of course, in all of this, the Europeans the Whites occupied the highest rung of the social ladder and they found willing allies among the mixed or coloured population who occupied the intermediate levels. The pure Africans remained at the lowest level Women and Slavery in the Plantations According to Bush (1990; 33) the primary reason for the presence of women in TT during the time of slavery was due to their labour value. In the early days of slavery, plantation owners attempted to produce healthy patterns of reproduction and encourage marriage, but found it was economically illogical to do so. Instead, it was more profitable to purchase new slaves from Africa (until the continued supply of female slaves being delivered from across the Atlantic was threatened by abolitionist pressure in the eighteenth century). Girls worked on estates from the early age of four. Occupations for girls between the ages of 12-19 varied from field work, to stock work, to domestic work, to washing e.g. clothing, dishes, etc. ( Reddock 1985 pg. 64 ), . Other forms of work for mature women included midwife, doctoress, and housekeeper. European plantation owners generally regarded most slave women as suitable for field work, which consisted of jobs such as digging holes for canes, weeding, and hoeing. In Jamaica, the majority of women between the ages of 19 and 54 were working in the fields. By the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, there were more women working in the field than men due to their lower mortality rates. Despite the common stereotype whereby men are stronger and more physically capable than women, it can be argued that women were as important, if not more important, to field work during the period of slavery in TT. The importance of women in the plantation economy is reflected in the price of female slaves between 1790 and the end of the slave trade. The price for a new male slave was approximately  £50- £70, while the price for a new female slave was approximately  £50- £60. (Bush, 1996:33) Apart from occupations such as doctoress, midwife, and housekeeper, which were considered to be higher employment positions for slave women during the time, the slave elite was nearly entirely made up of men. Women were confined to fighting for lower positions in the socio-economic hierarchy and were always excluded from the more prestigious and skilled jobs (i.e. carpentry). Among the limited amount of occupations available to Trinbagonian slave women, the most prestigious job was found to be nursing. One way in which women slaves would occasionally amass income and resources for themselves was through sex trade (Morrissey 1989 pg. 69). This was a common way for women slaves to save money for freedom, particularly in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in TT. The majority of enslaved domestic workers in towns were expected to support themselves through prostitution. Culture of Slavery and Plantation life Home Plantation slaves were housed in slaves cabins. Small, rudely built of logs with clapboard sidings, with clay chinking. Floors were packed dirt. They were leaky and drafty and the combination of wet, dirt, and cold made them diseased environments. On the plantation, the slaves were housed in buildings which were some distance away from the masters house. Most of these slave houses had thatched roofs and walls of old boards or of wattle and mud. The floor was the earth itself and there were no furniture except some rudimentary pieces that the slaves managed to make. Clothing Slaves were not well-clothed; they had inadequate clothing for people engaged in heavy labour all year. Children would dress in long shirts. Men possessed little besides with two shirts and two cotton pants. Women were provided with an insufficient amount of cloth and made their own clothes. The cloth was cheap material, produced in England that was dubbed Negro cloth. The slaves also obtained a clothing allowance roughly every year. The men received a coarse woollen jacket, a hat, about six yards of cotton, and a piece of canvas to make a pair or two of trousers. Women received the same allowance as the men, but children received none. The children remained naked until they were about nine years old, or were given cast-off clothing that their parents managed to find or were able to purchase. Food The food was generally adequate in bulk, but imbalanced and monotonous. Typical food allowance was a peck of corn meal and three to four pounds of salt pork or bacon per week per person. This diet could be supplemented by vegetables from their gardens, by fish or wild game, and molasses (not usually). The slaves prepared their own food and carried it out to the field in buckets. While the slaves were provided with certain foodstuffs by the master, they raised their own subsistence crops of vegetables, plantains and root crops on small garden plots that the master allowed them to use. However, they could only do their personal farming on Sundays when they had no work on the plantation. They also took the opportunity to fish on Sundays in the nearby canals, the rivers or the ocean. Each adult slave was given one pound of salted cod fish every Sunday by the plantation owner. The salted cod fish was imported from North America. A child slave was given a smaller allocation. On special Chr istian holidays, there was an additional allowance of about a pound of beef or pork, some sugar and a quantity of rum. Religion The general view held by the plantation owners was that the African slaves did not hold to a system of beliefs that could be described as a religion (Mbiti 1969). At best so the members of the plantocracy and the church that served them felt their beliefs amounted to nothing more than heathenish superstition. Not a few of them, perhaps, felt that the Africans were incapable of religious sentiment. But the Africans held religious beliefs derived from their homeland. It may be useful to note that some of the slaves, particularly these who came from the Fula-speaking area of Senegambia, were Muslims. The practice of the planters of separating tribesmen from one another, and of discouraging the assembling of slaves for any purpose whatsoever, was not calculated to allow Islam to survive. Again, the small number of African Muslims that came to plantations in TT lacked the leadership of Imams and the possession of the Quran. Then, too, the plantation life did not lend itself for long pra yers at fixed times, worship on a set day, fasting at prescribed periods, or feasting on holidays which did not coincide with those observed by the plantocracy. On the other hand, indigenous African religious beliefs, which became labelled as obeah, survived the difficulties of estate life. But these beliefs underwent significant changes although they remained clearly African in structure (Saraceni 1996). Three factors were mainly responsible for these changes. In the first place, African religious ideas were capable of modification in response to the new circumstance of estate life. Secondly, the practice of African religion was frowned upon by estate authorities. This meant that the religion could only be practised secretly and irregularly. The result has been that some aspects of African religious practices withered away while others lost their nationality and language and became garbled. Thirdly, the exposure to Christianity led not only to the conversion of Blacks to that religion, but also to the overlapping of African and Christian beliefs. Free Time Except for earnings enjoyed by the artisan slaves, most of the slaves depended on obtaining money by selling surplus produce from their provision grounds and also the sale of livestock that they reared. On Sundays, village markets were held and the slaves seized the opportunity to barter or sell their produce. On these occasions the slaves made purchases of a few pieces of clothing and other items for their homes. The Sunday markets were also occasions when slaves from different plantations were able to socialise and to exchange news and pieces of gossip. There were also times of recreation. These were usually at the end of the crop and at Christmas and on public holidays when the slaves were allowed to hold dances which had to end by midnight.

Sunday, January 19, 2020

John Steinbecks East of Eden - A Study in Human Development Essay

East of Eden: A study in human development  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The characteristics of people are formed by multiple factors. In many situations, children are raised under similar conditions, however, their later characteristics and life choices are very different. In the book, East of Eden, author John Steinbeck explores the development of humans, from childhood, to adulthood, and eventually, to death. East of Eden, by John Steinbeck, is a genealogical novel about the lives of the Trasks, particularly the main character in the book, Adam Trask. Along the way, the Hamiltons, Ames, and many other characters are introduced. Steinbeck makes a point of showing the continually changing nature of some characters, while describing the ceaseless staticness of others. In East of Eden, John Steinbeck presents his views on the construction of human behavior and the components that are incorporated in it. Setting is an important element in East of Eden. Described are beautiful, panoramical views of the surrounding landscapes of the Salinas Valley, California. "The Salinas Valley . . . is a swale between two ranges of mountains. . . . . On the wide level acres of the valley, the topsoil lays deep and fertile. . . . . Under the live oaks, shaded and dusky, the maidenhair flourished and gave a good smell, and under the mossy banks of the watercourses whole clumps of five-fingered ferns and goldy-backs hung down" (Steinbeck p. 480). Steinbeck then goes on to describe the human history of these areas. The groups of peoples that lived there are described in sweeping generalizations. "First there were Indians, an inferior breed without energy, inventiveness, or culture . . . their warfare was a weary pantomime. Then the hard, dry Spaniards came explor... ...dies the original Hebrew text and finds that the verb used there is "timshel." Timshel’s literal English translation is "thou mayest." During the course of the book, Steinbeck transforms the word into a metaphor for a style of living. It comes to describe the freedom of choice in one’s life. Steinbeck recognizes the fact that one's environment can affect them. However, he also recognizes one can work with what they are given and make the best of it. Steinbeck best sums up these views in a dialog between Samuel and Adam. "You can’t make a racehorse of a pig," said Adam. "No," said Samuel, "but you can make a very fast pig" (659).    Works Cited Steinbeck, John. The Grapes of Wrath, The Moon is Down, Cannery Row, East of Eden, Of Mice and Men. New York: Heinemann/Octopus, 1979. pp.475 - 896. Steinbeck, John. East of Eden. New York: Viking, 1952.

Saturday, January 11, 2020

Henry Fayol Father of Modern Management Essay

Present management practices and theories have evolved from classical management theory created by organisation pioneers, and one such influential pioneer was Henri Fayol. Henri began his career as an engineer in a large French mine and eventually succeeded to become the director, here he realised the lack of resources available to managers for developing management practices. Fayol’s did not believe in the old ideas of an individual born to rule, he believed that an employee needs to be motivated and among many other things, money is an important variable in motivation. He also said that managers should keep the morale of his employees high and keep them motivated so they can perform at their best. Fayol believed that by focusing on management practises he would minimise misunderstanding and increase efficiency in organisations and started synthesising his 14 principles of management, which are considered as the foundation and essential references for present management practices and theories. Fayol’s principles of management are still widely used in organisations by management to perform day to day tasks and other functions. His 14 principals acknowledged the importance of management hierarchy and key management process in any organisation. These principles are as follows (Study mode, 2013): 1)Specialisation of labour. Specialising encourages continuous improvement in skills and the development of improvements in methods. 2)Authority. The right to give orders and the power to exact obedience. 3)Discipline. No slacking, bending of rules. 4)Unity of command. Each employee has one and only one boss. 5)Unity of direction. A single mind generates a single plan and all play their part in that plan. 6)Subordination of Individual Interests. When at work, only work things should be pursued or thought about. 7)Remuneration. Employees receive fair payment for services, not what the company can get away with. 8)Centralization. Consolidation of management functions. Decisions are made from the top. 9)Scalar Chain (line of authority). Formal chain of command running from top to bottom of the organization. 10)Order. All materials and personnel have a prescribed place, and they must remain there. 11)Equity. Equality of treatment (but not necessarily identical treatment) 12)Personnel Tenure. Limited turnover of personnel. Lifetime employment for good workers. 13)Initiative. Thinking out a plan and do what it takes to make it happen. 14)Esprit de corps. Harmony, cohesion among personnel. Out of the 14, the most important elements are specialization, unity of command, scalar chain, and, coordination by managers (an amalgam of authority and unity of direction). All of these principles have an influence in today’s management practices but it would seem that three of these play a major role modern management thought and practice. The three being: 1)Authority  2)Unity of direction 3)Remuneration â€Å"Authority† in classic management laid the foundation for present day company structures and practices, which helps present day management with hierarchy within organisations ensuring competent day to day operations between general staff and management. â€Å"Unity of direction† is practised as one the most important aspect of management and general staff today, where almost every successful business has a vision for future of their organisation and how each employee and their roles contribute towards the success of this vision. In order for any organisation to achieve their goals (vision), managers today ensure that they employ staffs who are most suitable to the available roles, herein comes â€Å"remuneration†, where managers offer employees fair payment and benefits for their services. This ensures that both parties (managers and employees) are satisfied with the outcome of employment. Fayol’s main contribution to present day management thought & practise will have to be the use of his experiences and observations to create a body of knowledge that included his 14 principles as guide to thinking and practise and elements of management as a description of the functions managers perform to this day. Fayol also brought to attention what he believed to be the relative importance of technical and managerial abilities of employees of different levels of authorities. This demonstrates that employees at worker level need more technical ability but as the move up the â€Å"scalar chain† the importance of managerial ability increase as the importance of technical ability decreases. Fayol’s observation paved the path to managerial studies and gave importance to having the properly trained/educated employee at different levels of the organisation. Fayol was also the first person to identify and describe the elements of a manager’s job and he labelled these elements as planning, organising, command, coordination and control. These elements formed what is known as the â€Å"management process†, this management process help determine what is required from managers and what practises shall be observed by managers. These elements are still key factors in present day manager’s role and responsibilities. The classical management theory of administrative approach concentrates on the total organisation where the emphasis is on the development of managerial principles rather than trying to find the best way to get the most done. This theory evolved mainly from the contributions of Henri Fayol, which were his 14 principles of management. These principles provide modern-day managers with general guidelines on how a supervisor should organize their department and manage their staff. Classical management theory is an approach to organizing that values productivity, the precision and efficiency that result from a division of labour, a hierarchical chain of command, and tight discipline. Fayol’s principle of division of work defines that work should be divided among individuals and groups to ensure that effort and attention are focused on special portions of the task. Fayol presented work specialization as the best way to use the human resources of the organization, from this definition it can be seen that Henri Fayol has made a major contribution with his principle of division of labour to the foundation and structure of classical management practices and theory. Henri Fayol’s synthesis of the 14 principles of management made very important contributions to classical management theory and practices. His perception of division of work evolved and helped define classical management. Fayol’s principles are still practised today by organisations, his ideas can be seen in modern day ideology of management through practises such as staff hierarchy (Division of labour), department managers and board members (Authority), company visions and ideas (Unity of directions) and salary packages including benefits and bonuses(Remuneration). It is obvious that Fayol’s ideas and principles are still in practice today and he can truly be called the father of modern management theory.

Friday, January 3, 2020

Essay about Frankenstein, the Modern Prometheus - 1373 Words

FRANKENSTEIN, THE MODERN PROMETHEUS? In order to illustrate the main theme of her novel Frankenstein, Mary Shelly draws strongly on the myth of Prometheus, as the subtitle The Modern Prometheus indicates. Maurice Hindle, in his critical study of the novel, suggests, the primary theme of Frankenstein is what happens to human sympathies and relationships when men seek obsessively to satisfy their Promethean longings to conquer the unknown - supposedly in the service of their fellow-humans. This assertion is discussed by first describing the Promethean connection. Thereafter, the two forms of the myth, Prometheus the fire-stealer and Prometheus the life-giver are reviewed in the context of Shellys use of the myth in her novel†¦show more content†¦As Frankenstein instructs Walter : Learn from meÂ…. how dangerous is the acquirement of knowledge, and how much happier that man is who believes his native town to be the world, than he who aspires to become greater than his nature will allow (page 31). In Frankenstein. it can be seen that Shelly uses the myth of Prometheus the fire-stealer as an analogy for scientific knowledge, and that the fire of scientific knowledge can be used both for constructive and destructive means. Prometheus stole the fire for altruistic reasons, to help human beings. Similarly, Mary Shelleys arrogant scientist, Victor Frankenstein pursued his studies with the aim of banishing disease and a desire to render man invulnerable to any but a violent death (page 22) and claimed A new species would bless me as its creator and source. (page 32). However, it is really ambition that drives him like a hurricane (page 32) as he engineers the Monster. It is not until the Monster opens its eyes and Frankenstein realises that it is not the thing of beauty he hoped to create that breathless horror and disgust (page 34) fills his heart and sends him rushing out of the room with no thought for what he has unleashed upon the world. Victor Frankenstein can indeed be seen as the modern Prometheus, by defying the gods and creating life, Victor puts himself in Gods place and becomesShow MoreRelatedFrankenstein And The Modern Prometheus1665 Words   |  7 Pages1. 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