An Enemy of The People Essay examples -- essays research papers

An Enemy of the PeopleDr. Thomas Stockmann was a determined and caring man who was passionatewhen it came to his beliefs. However, Stockmann was also an idealist who was rather uninitiate when it came to reality. As the Medical Advisor of the baths, he wanted to exposethe truth of the hazards that the baths presented before any more people became ill. Hefought with the fervor of a full-strength patriot, but was accused of trying to sabotage thehometown that he was fighting for and was condemned as a traitor. Was Dr. Stockmannre totallyy an enemy of the people or just an idealist with all the odds against him? Right from the beginning of the play it was apparent that Dr. Stockmann was aman of character. He welcomed the company of his fellow townspeople by offering foodand drinks to anyone who entered the Stockmann house. He was very active in town andwas constantly publishing articles and pamphlets concerning various ideas he had toimprove the health or lives of his fellow citizens. The main reason he took such a strongposition on the issue of the baths was because it concerned the health of the public. Evenafter the whole town was against him, Dr. Stockmann was still looking by for thewell-being of the people by not giving in to the Mayors request that he take back hisaccusations in order to keep his job. One of the several things the doctor had against him was that not many peopletoo...

Capital Punishment and the Bible Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Ess

gravid Punishment and the Bible Capital punishment has always been an arguable issue and for good reason.The Old Testament all the way calls for the death penalty on many occasions,whereas many of the teachings of Jesus and others in the New testament readilydenounce it. Therefore, both advocates ands opponents of capital punishment become Biblical references to support their beliefs. Opponents use the creation story to show that all are created in Godsimage. Genesis 127a states that God created man in his image.1 God, thus,has the power to give and take away life as he chooses. All men are to preservelife to the best of their ability. M. Margaret Falls says that we cannot compensatepeople as mere instruments to personal survival, success or fulfillment.2 Advocates will also utilize Genesis 127 to prove that because man iscreated in Gods image, man must preserve as many lives as possible, Therefore,the death of one, who has murdered many, will spare the useless and countlessdeath s of others. Gods command to preserve life seems much more important herethan the preservation of criminals. Capital punishment is never used legitimately in the New Testament.Jesus constant preaching of make out and pardon shows his contempt for theharming of others. One example of love is found in John 1517 This is mycommand Love each other. An example of forgiveness is Matthew 614 For ifyou forgive men when they sin against you, your heavenly Father will alsoforgive you. Jesus practiced what he preached by not condemning guilty persons. InJohn 81-11, Jesus did not let the people stone a wom... ...Falls, M. Margaret, The Christian Century, Against the Death PenaltyA Christian Stance in a Secular World, The Christian CenturyFoundation, Cicero, IL, 1986.Finlay, Terence J., The Ten Commandments, Charles Scribners Sons,NY, NY, 1961.Harrison, R. K., Numbers An Exegetical Commentary, Baker BookHouse, Grand Rapids, MI, 1992.Hoekema, David, The Christian Century, Capital Punishment TheQ uestion of Justification, The Christian Century Foundation,Chicago, IL, 1979.Holy Bible, New International Version, Zondervan Publishing House,Grand Rapids, MI, 1973.Kaiser, Walter C. Jr., Hard Sayings of the Old Testament,InerVarsity Press, Downers Grove, IL, 1988.Steffen, Lloyd, Christianity and Crisis, Casting the First Stone,Christianity and Crisis, Inc., Syracuse, NY, 1990.

Gilgameshs Lesson in Humility in Fosters The Epic of Gilgamesh Essay

Gilgamesh was destined to perfection from birth. He was created as a godly mortal, two thirds divine and one third hu human beings (5). He was a man destined to live a lavish smell with all the riches a man could ever want. Unfortunately his arrogance and superior strength got in the way (Foster5). Gilgamesh was created by the gods to be perfect in every regard. But what the gods couldnt prepare him for was life and human emotions, instinct etc. Gilgamesh built a wall that protected Uruk, his home (3). He was destined to live a life like a god among his people. Gods played tug a war for the lack of better words with Gilgameshs life. They controlled every aspect. This is where all Gilgamesh journeys began and where they would all bring him back to in the end. Ninsun Gilgameshs become prayed to Shamash, god of the sun asking him to protect Gilgamesh because he gave Gilgamesh a restless heart (24). Gilgamesh from birth was to play out the gods will and in doing so was ever on one qu est or another. First he built the wall for Ishtar, then befriended Enkidu to make peace in Uruk because t...

How Do Humans Acquire Language? Essay -- essays research papers fc

How Do Humans Acquire Language?Humans live in a gentleman full of communication. Humans possess a native lyric poem that separates them from other animals. Language is developed within the first few years of a persons life. By the time one is a child he can speak and understand almost as well as an adult. Children world-wide gift similar patterns of voice communication acquisition even though they may be learning different languages. How human being learn even the most complicated languages has beat the minds of many scientists. Two of the most popular beliefs on language acquisition today argon held by Skinner and Chomsky. Their opposing belief on how humans acquire language has become the two standard views on this complicated issue however, other researchers have also reported convincing theories.Some theories of language acquisition that are not as commonly recognized as Skinners or Chomskys theories are still important in understanding language teaching. Even before usi ng any words, the infant learns to communicate through gestures, facial expressions, and reciprocal vocalization with a caretaker (Levine 4). These nonverbal behaviors are very important for an individuals speech development. Another author, Fromkin reported thatChildren diagnosed at birth as mentally retarded acquire language in the same way as those with normal intelligence. Not only can children learn any of the thousands of languages that exist in the world, they do so without being overtly taught. It is difficult, if not impossible, to account for this ability without assuming that the brain is genetically pre-wired for language. (2) One renowned researcher of language acquisition, Pinker, endorses language as being an spirit. The term instinct conveys the idea thatPeople know how to talk in more or less the sense that wanderers know how to spin webs. Web-spinning was not invented by some unsung spider genius and does not depend on having had the right education or on having an aptitude for architecture or the construction trades. Rather, spiders spin spider webs because they have spider brains, which give them the urge to spin and the competence to succeed. Although there are differences between webs and words, it helps to make sense of the phenomena. (5)Pinker also acknowledged that Darwin was the first to articu... ...suggested that language was developed through observational learning and classical conditioning. Some people believe that language development is a combination of the two theories and language development cannot occur unless both are present. Thus far, it is not precisely known how humans develop language. If researchers discovered how humans acquire language, they may be fitting to solve the problem individuals with hearing impairments experience or prevent hearing impairments from occurring.Works CitedBerry, Mildred. Language Disorders of Children The Bases and Diagnoses. Englewood Cliffs Prentice-Hall, 1969.Fromkin, Victoria. The State of Brain/Language Research. Language, Communication, and the Brain. 66 (1988) 189-214.Gazzaniga, Michael & Heatherton, Todd. Psychological apprehension Mind, Brain, and Behavior. new-fashioned York Norton, 2003.Hamaguchi, Patricia. Childhood Speech, Language, and Listening Problems What Every Parents Should Know. New York John Wiley and Sons, 1995.Levine, Linda. Great Beginnings for Early Language Learning. Tucson Communication Skill Builders, 1988.Pinker, Steven. The Language Instinct How the Mind Creates Language. New York Morrow, 1994.

Chaucers Canterbury Tales Essay - Women in The Wife of Bath

Women in Chaucers The Wife of Bath Chaucers The Wife of Baths Prologue and Tale is a medieval legend that paints a portrait of strong women finding love and themselves in the direst of situations. It is presented to the modern day reader as an early tale of feminism showcasing the shipway a female character gains power within a repressive, patriarchal society. Underneath the simplistic plot of female empowerment lies an underbelly of anti-feminism. Sometimes this is presented blatantly to the reader, such as the case of Janekins reading aloud from The Book of Wikked Wives (The Wife of Baths Prologue and Tale 691). However, there are many other instances of anti-feminism that may not phone so loudly to the reader. This is shown in the disappearance of the rape victim and the happy completion for the Knight. While the overall story is one of supposed feminism shown by means of womens empowerment, there are many aspects of The Wife of Bath that are anti-feminist in natur e. The main character, Alison, or the wife of Bath, is representative of most of the feminist ideals in the work. She is strong, independent, and to be respected as a woman of great courage. Alison has suffered a great deal in her lifetime, indicative of life for women at this time. She has survived five husbands some of whom tire her, others were unfaithful. She was married off at an early age of twelve and from then on knew what marriage was about gold. Marriage is the key to survival, and that is what Alisoun seeks and finds (Carruthers 214), argues Mary Carruthers, justifying Alisons five marriages. Alison equates money with power. With this power comes respect and honor. A more careful analysis of both the General Pro... ... maiden, the knight is turned into the hero of the tale, with the reader hoping for a happy ending for him. The Wife of Baths Prologue and Tale can be seen as both a legend of womens empowerment as well as a reminder of the struggles women encountered daily. deeds Cited Abrams, M.H., ed. Norton Anthology of English Literature, v,1. W.N. Norton & Company 1993 Carruthers, Mary. The Wife of Bath and the Painting of Lions The Geoffrey Chaucer Page. 30 June 2000 Chaucer, G. General Prologue 81-100. Chaucer, G. The Wife of Baths Prologue and Tale Abrams 117-144. Lee, Brian S. Exploitation and Excommunication in The Wife of Baths Tale. Philological Quarterly, v74. (1995) 17(19) OBrien, herds grass D. Troubling Waters The Feminine and the Wife of Baths Performance Modern Language Quarterly, v53. (1992) 377(15).

Hegels Phenomenology of Spirit :: Philosophy Hegel Elephant Papers

Hegels Phenomenology of SpiritOne of the most difficult philosophical works forever written is Hegels Phenomenology of Spirit. In the interpolation to this work, Hegel attempts to aid his readers by describing the project that he carries out. But like so many things written by Hegel, the Introduction itself is formidable and very difficult to understand. In this paper, I attempt to lease sense of the Introduction and, thus, contribute to the understanding of the Phenomenology. To achieve this end, I take the grand liberty of comparing philosophers with blind men and Reality with an elephant. I take a series of claims made by Hegel in the Introduction and show how they make sense of his project once they are seen in the context of John Godfred Saxes poetry, The Blind Men and the Elephant. In doing so, I explain the coincidence of problems presented in the poem and the Phenomenology. Further, I show how the nature of both problems places the same kind of restrictions on anyone tr ying to overcome either. While Saxes poem urges an acceptance of the fact that total truth is always beyond your grasp, Hegels goal is to achieve such a truth. What you will see is that all the characteristics that would cave in stopped most philosophers and Saxe, become the means by which Hegel thinks he can ultimately achieve knowledge of the Elephant. One of the most difficult of the Great philosophic Works is Hegels Phenomenology of Spirit. As you read the book, you are caught in a maze of conflicting claims and you quickly become unsure of your footing. Is this Hegels throw mail or is it a characterization of the very positions that he is attacking? In fact, it is not long before you begin to wonder Where is Hegel in all this? If you free rein to the Introduction of the Phenomenology, you find that, even when Hegel attempts to be helpful, his explanations do not really throw much light.Now, because it has only phenomenal knowledge for its object, this exposition seems not to be Science, free and self-moving in its own peculiar shape yet from this standpoint it can be regarded as the path of the natural consciousness which presses forward-moving to true knowledge or as the way of the Soul which journeys through the series of its own configurations as though they were the stations appointed for it by its own nature, so that it may purify itself for the life of the Spirit, and achieve finally, through a completed experience of itself, the awareness of what is really is in itself.

Hegels Phenomenology of Spirit :: Philosophy Hegel Elephant Papers

Hegels Phenomenology of SpiritOne of the most difficult philosophical whole caboodle ever written is Hegels Phenomenology of Spirit. In the Introduction to this work, Hegel attempts to aid his readers by describing the project that he carries out. But like so many things written by Hegel, the Introduction itself is formidable and very difficult to understand. In this paper, I attempt to make sense of the Introduction and, thus, contribute to the understanding of the Phenomenology. To achieve this end, I devour the great liberty of comparing philosophers with blind men and Reality with an elephant. I take a series of claims made by Hegel in the Introduction and take how they make sense of his project once they are seen in the context of John Godfred Saxes poem, The Blind Men and the Elephant. In doing so, I relieve the similarity of problems presented in the poem and the Phenomenology. Further, I show how the nature of both problems places the same kind of restrictions on anyone t rying to overcome either. While Saxes poem urges an acceptance of the fact that total truth is always beyond your grasp, Hegels goal is to achieve such a truth. What you will see is that entirely the characteristics that would have stopped most philosophers and Saxe, become the means by which Hegel thinks he can ultimately achieve knowledge of the Elephant. One of the most difficult of the capital Philosophical Works is Hegels Phenomenology of Spirit. As you read the book, you are caught in a maze of conflicting claims and you quickly become unsure of your footing. Is this Hegels stimulate position or is it a characterization of the very positions that he is attacking? In fact, it is non long before you begin to wonder Where is Hegel in either this? If you turn to the Introduction of the Phenomenology, you find that, even when Hegel attempts to be helpful, his explanations do not really throw much light.Now, because it has only phenomenal knowledge for its object, this expositi on seems not to be Science, free and self-moving in its own peculiar shape yet from this standpoint it can be regarded as the path of the natural intelligence which presses forward to true knowledge or as the way of the Soul which journeys through the series of its own configurations as though they were the stations appointed for it by its own nature, so that it may purify itself for the life of the Spirit, and achieve finally, through a completed experience of itself, the awareness of what is really is in itself.

Hcs-490 Demographic Paper Essay

San Diegos Children ObesityIn this day of age, everyone is busy with life victorious short cuts anywhere possible come outs to be the solution for many people. This means turning to fast nutritions and an un ample lifestyles sweeping over humanity. This paper will focus on kidskin obesity in San Diego, California, and the impact it has caused on the wellness c atomic number 18 marked. Furthermore, health related challenges, chronic wellness programs that affect health care cost, and foodstuffing involve for this population. The fellowship in San Diego can come together to provide a fitter lifestyle for their babyren. Demographic DataSan Diego is known as a white-hot spot, a put where people love to get away and enjoy a great vacation. However, there is a huge epidemic taking place within the San Diego community. San Diegos obesity rates pass the nations average, there is more than one out of every four children who are backbreaking and considered fat (Childhood Obesity Initiative, 2011). in that respect are several factors that play into obese children in San Diego primarily starting with genetics and family history with poor functioning family and hold in education. Secondary is behavioral and social risk factors. This is because a lack of physical activates, excessive screen time much(prenominal) as television, poor nutrition, and limited to seraphic food access. The tertiary outcomes of these factors result in eating disorders and overweight children turning into adults (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2012). In the years of 2009 to 2010, girls in the age range of 12 to 19 had a higher prevalence of obesity than girls age two to 11. That same year boys age ranging from six to 11 had the highest prevalence of obesity than boys ripening from two to six and boys aging 12 to 19 (County of San Diego. 2009). In 2008, boys ranging in the age of two to 19 had a higher chance of becoming obese than non-Hispanic White boys. Within that s ame year, non-Hispanic Black girls had a greater chance of becoming obese that a non-Hispanic Whitegirl (County of San Diego. 2009). San Diego County projects every one in three children who come from a low income family are considered obese before they even have their fifth birthday (County of San Diego. 2009). Child Obesity Effects on wellness CareObesity has a wide range of health factors and risks that follow however, that is not the only problem. California spends more public and private cash on health care related to obesity than any other state. This includes a loss of productivity in overweight and the obese be families, health care industry, employers, and the government more than 21 billion dollars each year (Babey, 2012). Poor eating habits are becoming a big problem costing billions of dollars. San Diego like many other neighborhoods have unhealthy, inexpressive foods that contributing to this obesity epidemic. This is why the hospital systems across San Diego County a re coming together to promote healthy eating within their cafeterias, patient meals, and the community (Childhood Obesity Initiative. (2011). In 2012 the Nutrition in healthcare Leadership Team (NHLT) completed a plan for fitter food choices. This goal include making healthy foods and beverages the standard, give leeway on buying powers to buy healthier foods, collaboration among healthcare organizations, raise the food literacy, and track food practices in the health care system (Childhood Obesity Initiative. (2011). Health Care ChallengesThere are both direct and indirect cost that are associated with obesity among children who face challenges for San Diego County. Direct costs are healthcare cost as well as pharmaceuticals, while indirect costs are lost productivity and costs that would be associated with workdays and earning wages lost (Cohen, 2000). San Diego County spends more than three billion dollars on direct and indirect cost annually. As the percentages of child obesity are on the rise, the cost of medical care and productivity will rise (Childhood Obesity Initiative. 2012). Wellness Programs Affecting CostFusion academy and Learning Center of San Diego is introducing a comprehensive Wellness Program for school children in sixth to twelfth grade. This program will educated these students and give them a chance tomake healthier lifestyle choices and easily navigate through puerility adolescence (Fusion Academy & Learning Center, 2012). Fusion academy runs 20 sessions that focus on four separate disciplines. These are emotional wellness, art expression, music expression, yoga, nutrition, and meditation (Fusion Academy & Learning Center, 2012). The cost for the program is $1,680 (Fusion Academy & Learning Center, 2012), it may seem a high price to pay however, this wellness program will pay off by educating the young on how to live a healthier lifestyle and make healthier decisions. This would lead to lower healthcare cost in the future and a fresh start for the children of this county. Markets NeedsMarketing inevitably for obese children in San Diego County start off with planning. Planning is one of the most important steps in marketing. Knowing the targeted audience in which planning to market for such as races, ethnicities, cultures, and backgrounds. A large population of obese children in San Diego County comes from lower income families who are not well educated (County of San Diego. 2009), so this would be the targeted audience. isolated of this plan for marketing San Diego County would need to extension the following Build awareness for childhood obesity paragraph continues Build a guide for everyone interested in San Diego County addressing childhood obesity, including businesses, and instructions with neighborhoods to be addressed paragraph continues Building drive for the plan of action paragraph continues Teaming partnerships with already existing organization on this issue with new new sectors paragraph cont inues discombobulate sure that strategies follow policy and environmental changes and not just individual needs and family efforts paragraph continues Develop a planned document to support the community partnerships in their efforts paragraph continues This would call for everyone in San Diego County to collaborate in the fight against childhood obesity (Call to Action, 2006). Once all the criteria are addressed, it would be presented to seven different domain areas such as County and city governments paragraph continues Healthcare systems and providers paragraph continues Schools paragraph continues Preschools, childcare providers and other school programs paragraph continues Community-based programs paragraph continues Media paragraph continues Different businesses paragraph continuesRelaying the message about childhood obesity and the impacts it has on San Diego will attend in the fight to turn the epidemic around.Addressing Child ObesityAddressing childhood obesity takes the whole community to get involved. There are several initiatives that address childhood obesity in San Diego County, such as Halloween Candy Buy Back program (Childhood Obesity Initiative, 2012). This program consists of 13 different dental offices and paediatric offices that buy back childrens Halloween candy and send it as a treat to the United States troops through a nonprofit organization called transaction Gratitude (Childhood Obesity Initiative, 2012). In 2011, the healthcare domain collaborated with health care physicians to build a menu for children in a fight to cut back on childhood obesity. Annual Anderson Memorial Conferences are held to bring dental providers and medical providers together to cross-collaborate and communicate child obesity prevention (Childhood Obesity Initiative, 2012). ConclusionThere is no doubt that child obesity has become a huge issue in San Diego County. This is a problem that can be changed with educating the community. Getting the community involved and educating the children to live a healthier lifestyle are steps to take for a bright future in San Diego County. The children are the future and taking action will give these children a chance to live a long and health life while saving costs in health care and fighting off diseases.ReferencesBabey, S. H., Bloom, A., & Goldstein, H. (2012, June). Overweight and Obesity among Children by California Cities 2010. UCLA Center for Health Policy Research and California Center for Public Health Advocacy,. Retrieved fromhttp//cbsla.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/patchworkcities6-4-12.pdf Call to Action. (2006). San Diego County. Childhood Obesity Action Plan. Retrieved from http//eatbettermovemore.org/sa/policies/pdftext/SDobesity_action_plan.pdf Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012). Overweight and Obesity. Causes and Consequences. Retreived from http//www.cdc.gov/obesity/adult/causes/index.html. Childhood Obesity Initiative. (2011). Overweight and Obesity in San Die go County. Overview. active us. Retrieved from http//ourcommunityourkids.org/ Childhood Obesity Initiative. (2012). The Challenges of Childhood Obesity. Call of Action Child Obesity Action Plan. Retrieved from http//ourcommunityourkids.org/media/17878/action%20plan%20revision%202010%20final.pdf Cohen, J. (2000, December). Overweight Kids Why Should We Care. CRB, 1-42. Retrieved from http//www.library.ca.gov/crb/00/08/00-008.pdf County of San Diego. (2009). Health and Human Services, Public Health Services, Community Health Statistics Unit. HealthyPeople 2010 Health Indicators for San Diego County Full Report. Retrieved from www.SDHealthStatistics.com. Fusion Academy & Learning Center. (2012). Retrievedfrom http//www.fusionacademy.com/news/san-diego-fusion-san-diego-introduces-wellness-program

Foreign Exchange Operation of Mutual Trust Bank Limited Essay

In this regard an organization attachment at Dilkusha Branch of Mutual Trust aver has been precondition to me a period of three months commencing from 1st August, 2010 to 31st October, 2010. During this period I learned how the host organization works with the help of the internal executive program. The internal supervisor assigned me on of the projects and shuffled me around to educate me about the operation of a bank. 1. 2. Significance of the report This internship report is an important partial requirement of four days BBA graduation program. This is because knowledge and learning become perfect when it is associated with theory and practice.By this internship program students can establish contacts and networking. Contacts may help to get a craft in practical life. That is, student can train and prepare themselves for the job market. A poor country like Bangladesh has an overwhelming number of unemployed enlightened graduates. As they induct no internship experience they h ave not been able to gain normal professional experience of establish networking system, which is important in get a job. Therefore, it is obvious that the significance of internship is clearly justified as the crucial requirement of four years BBA graduation.Scope of the Study Mutual Trust Bank Limited is one of the new generation banks in Bangladesh. The scope of the study is limited to the Dilkusha Branch only. The report covers the organizational structure background, functions and the performance of the bank have mainly worked in the foreign exchange so my report covers all the activities of foreign exchange department in the Dilkusha branch. While preparing this report I seaportt any limitations the employees of foreign exchange department has helped me a lot and I have use both primary and secondary data which was acquirable to me. 1. 4. Objectives

How Reality Telivision Promotes Teen Pregnancy Essay

Reality television often has the tendency to present an unrealistic view towards issues regarding real heart situations. teen pregnancy is unitary of the most mis track topics presented on naive realism television. Tabloids feed off of the shows popularity by plastering the pictures of the teens on magazines and online, making them seem to a greater extent appealing. Teen pregnancy as presented on reality television shows is irresponsible, dangerous and misleading by promoting an unrealistic view of young birth, encouraging pregnancy and glamorizing the consequences that result from such issues.P arenthood is the leading cause of girls dropping out of domesticate. More than 50% of teen bestride mothers do non graduate from high school. The United States has one of the highest teen pregnancy rank in the western world. Bearing a child at any age can be difficult barely for youngrs it can have demonstrable negative effects not only for the teen but also for their families. S ince teenagers are mainly dependent on their suffers or guardians this burden is pushed back on them as well.Studies show that 3 in 10 American teen girls bequeath get pregnant at to the lowest degree once before the age of 20. Thats nearly 750,000 teen pregnancies every year and about 25% of teen moms will have a second child within two years of their first child. In some cases, children born from parents who are adolescent will have more behavioral problem and poorer education than those children born to more mature aged parents. Childbearing also costs U.S. taxpayers billions of dollars due to increased public assistance programs, foster and public health care. Despite these unfortunate facts, amidst 1991 and 2013,the teen birth rate has decreased from 61.8 to 26.6 per 1,000 teens. Although the birth rate has dropped, the U.S. still has the highest birth rate compared to other developed countries. According to a report by the Guttmacher Institute, 82% of teen pregnancies ar e unintended.Teen Mom is a reality show aired by MTV that broadcasts the lives of teenagers who are transmiting with parenthood. Besides their dealing with parenthood they also have to face the challenges of finishing school, moving out of their parents home, finding a job to support their child and possibly their higher education. While these are ultimately real life situations and challenges todays society has a more lenient view towards pregnant women that are not married. Although majority of teens deal with the same issues once they are faced with having a child there are some pieces of reality television that is not much of a reality which can cause teens to be less concerned with how realistic theses shows are.Majority of the mothers on these shows have the full support of their parents whether it be finding them a home, ceremonial occasion the child while the teen is working or at school, and even monetarily. Not every parent will be supportive of their child having a baby nor will every parent be willing to assist their child in any way shape or form. Unfortunately it is not common for the fathers of the children to be uninterested in caring for the child or being financially responsible for their child. However, not every father is represented or acts like a dead beat father but the way they are represented on these shows does not realistically present the same ending for each family.Aside from misrepresenting young parenthood the shows aired by MTV are often criticized of glamorizing teen pregnancy. The stars of the show are given extra publicity by having their names and faces on magazines and articles online with things regarding their lives outside of their pregnancy. A study found that the teens who watch shows such as Teen Mom and 16 and Pregnant have a skewed idea of young parenthood. Teens who watch these shows heavily are led to believe that the young moms have supportive partners, substantial income and an enviable lifestyle which is a c ompletelyuntrue reality for other young parents who do not lave camera crews recording their every move.In a high school survey of 185, researcher were able to link teens who watched these reality shows with unrealistic views of what it is like to be a young parent. The teens seems to believe that being a young parent was easy which might increase the likelihood that they would be less cautious of having safe sex, not being so concerned with the consequences that can stem from insecure sex.While talking about teen pregnancy majority of comment and conversations focus on the negative aspects, but there are certain aspects that spate can consider when talking about such an important issue. Although teen parents are having a child it does not make them fully mature, this leaves room for the teens to grow and develop along with their child. Having a baby is a life changing thing and often it leads people to want more for not only themselves but also their child. This realization can l ead to being more responsible not only with their lives and their babys life, but with what they have going on around them such as being employed to support their child and even gaining or continuing their education to make a better life for themselves.Balancing school with parenthood can be easier than balancing with a career. Since school often has flexible hours, or at least hours you can use up yourself, which allows you to give yourself more time. A full time college student has an average of 12-15 hours a week to take classes, with another 10-12 hours dedicated to studying there would be a max of 30 hours a week dedicated to school work. On the other hand a career takes up at least 40-60 hours a week without the luxury to have such flexible hours.In young parenthood there are some upsides that can be unspoilt to the parents and the child but the cons outweigh the pros by far. Not only does the teen have to grow up faster and have greater responsibility than they normally wou ld they are faced with a lack of socialization. Not being able to hang out with friends, going to prom and engaging in normal teenageactivities can cause young parents to feel more alone. After understanding pregnancy from either experience or an actual realistic experience teens will realize that pregnancy is a very serious thing and is even harder when you are young and cannot fully and independently care for yourself and your child.Unfortunately, reality shows like Teen Mom and 16 and Pregnant only show partly what the teens have to deal with and even then it does not amount to the emotional aspects of dealing with such a life changing issue. Despite the seemingly positive results from teen pregnancy, there are more negative aspects in which reality shows try to romanticize which poses more levity to becoming a young parent. Should these shows be considered realistic when there are millions of teen parents who know what true parenthood is actually about?

Gcse History Revision Notes – Germany

History Revision Notes Germany Weimar strengths and wobblynesses The Weimar Republic After Germany lost the First World War, the Kaiser fled and a new democratic government of Germany was declared in February 1919 at the sm solely town of Weimar. It was too riskinessous to make a declaration in Berlin where there had just been a revolt by a communistic conclave called the Spartacists. STRENGTHS A Bill of Rights guaranteed both German citizen freedom of speech and religion, and equality under the natural law. All men and women over the age of 20 were abandoned the vote. There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag (parliament). The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which had to do what the Reichstag wanted. WEAKNESSES Proportional representation instead of voting for an MP, like we do in Britain,Weimar Germans voted for a party. Each party was then allocated seats in the Reichstag exactly reflecting (proportional to) the fare of quite a l ittle who had voted for it. This sounds fair, entirely in practice it was a disaster it resulted in scores of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to lounge about a majority, and, therefore, no government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag. This was a major weakness of the Republic. obligate 48 this said that, in an emergency, the president did non need the allotment of the Reichstag, but could issue decrees Decrees Laws passed by one minister in a parliament, which score not been approved by the majority parliament. . The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and in the end, it turned out to be a way that Hitler employ to collide with power legally. Weimar problems 1919-1923 The Weimar Republic faced opposition from the outset in 1919, after the signing of the conformity of Versailles. Economic hardship affected the whole commonwealth and led to uprisings and assassinations.Key problems The Weimar Republic was created at a time of co nfusion and chaos after Germany had lost the First World War. many another(prenominal) tribe felt that Germany had authorized a real harsh deal in the Treaty of Versailles and they resented the government for signing it and agreeing to its conditions. The Weimar Republic faced violent uprisings from various groups, not to mention scotch problems. Germany between 1918 and 1919 was in chaos. People were starving, the Kaiser had fled and people hated the government for signing the armistice to end the war in November 1918 they called them the November criminals.Bands of soldiers called Freikorps refused to disband and formed private armies. It was not a good start for the Republic. There was continuous violence and unrest In March 1920, there was a rebellion the Kapp coup that aimed to bring screen the Kaiser . Nationalist terror groups assassinated 356 government politicians. Many of the people in Germany were communists who wanted to bring in a Russian-style communist go vernment. There were a number of communist uprisings. For instance, in 1919 the Spartacists rebelled in Berlin. pic The Kapp Putsch march in March 1920, the right-wing subjectist Dr Wolfgang Kapp took over Berlin. The army refused to attack him he was just disappointed when the wrickers of Berlin went on strike. The Weimar governments main crisis occurred in 1923, when the Germans failed to make a reparations payment ( payments made for damage caused in WW1. Part of T of V) on time, which set off a train of correctts that included a French invasion of the Ruhr a general strike hyperinflation a number of communist rebellions an attempted national socialist putsch in Munich Weimar crisis of 1923The 1923 crisis began when Germany missed a reparations payment. This shoes spiralled out of delay and once again the German people were unhappy and in financial difficulty, so uprisings occurred throughout the domain. Hyperinflation The emergent flood of paper money into the ec onomy, on top of the general strike which meant that no goods were manufactured, so there was more than money, chasing fewer goods combined with a weak economy ruined by the war, all resulted in hyperinflation. Prices ran out of control eg a loaf of bread, which cost 250 label in January 1923 had risen to 200,000 million marks in November 1923.Germans currency became worthless. But remember Some people made fortunes during the crisis. One man borrowed money to buy a herd of cattle, but in brief after paid back his loan by selling one cow. People on wages were safe, because they renegotiated their wages every day. Pensioners on fixed incomes and people with savings were the most badly hit. One woman sold her house with the intention of utilize the money to live on. A few weeks later, the money wasnt even enough to buy a loaf of bread. The Early national socialist Party The national socialist ideology Lebensraum the need for living space for the German nation to expand. A strong Germany the Treaty of Versailles should be abolished and all German-speaking people united in one coarse. Fuhrer the mentation that there should be a single attracter with complete power rather than a democracy. complaisant Darwinism the idea that the Aryan race was superior and Jews were sub wait onman. Autarky the idea that Germany should be frugalally self-sufficient. Germany was in danger from Communists and Jews, who had to be destroyed. The appeal of the Nazis In the 1920s, the Nazis tried to be all things to all people.The 25-Point Programme had policies that were Socialist eg farmers should be apt(p) their land pensions should improve and public industries much(prenominal)(prenominal) as electricity and water should be owned by the state. Nationalist all German-speaking people should be united in one country the Treaty of Versailles should be abolished and there should be special laws for foreigners. Racist Jews should not be German citizens an d immigration should be stopped. Fascist a strong central government and control of the newspapers. The Nazis did not appeal to working men who voted Communist intellectuals such as students and university professors They were popular with nationalists and racists farmers lower middle-class people such as plumbers and shopkeepers who were worried about the chaos Germany was in rich people worried by the threat from Communism Rebellions Unsurprisingly, the hardships created by hyperinflation led to many uprisings as groups struggled to take power from Weimar. The Munich Putsch 1923 In November 1923, Hitler tried to take advantage of the crisis facing the Weimar government by instigating a revolution in Munich.It seemed like the perfect chance, but poor planning and misjudgement resulted in failure and the subsequent imprisonment of Adolf Hitler. Summary At first, the Nazis were just a terrorist group. Hitler assembled a large group of unemployed one-year-old men and former soldiers, known as the storm troopers (the SA), which attacked other semipolitical groups. Hitler hoped to take power by starting a revolution During the crisis of 1923, therefore, Hitler plotted with dickens nationalist politicians Kahr and Lossow to take over Munich in a revolution.Hitler collected his storm troopers and told them to be ready to rebel. But then, on 4 October 1923, Kahr and Lossow called off the rebellion. This was an impossible situation for Hitler, who had 3,000 troops ready to fight. pic Hitler waved a gun at Khar and Lossow On the night of 8 November 1923, Hitler and 600 storm troopers burst into a meeting that Kahr and Lossow were holding at the local Beer Hall. Waving a gun at them, Hitler forced them to agree to rebel and then let them go home. The SA took over the army headquarters and the offices of the local newspaper. 16 Nazis were killed in the scuffleThe next day, 9 November 1923, Hitler and his Nazis went into Munich on what they thought would b e a triumphal march to take power. However, Kahr had called in police and army reinforcements. There was a short scuffle in which the police killed 16 Nazis. Hitler fled, but was arrested devil days later. Why did Hitler attempt the Munich Putsch in 1923? 1. By 1923, the Nazi party had 55,000 members and was stronger than ever onward. 2. The Weimar Republic was in crisis and about to collapse. 3. In September 1923, the Weimar government had called off the general strike, and every German nationalist was furious with the government. . Hitler thought he would be helped by important nationalist politicians in Bavaria. 5. Hitler had a huge army of storm troopers, but he knew he would lose control of them if he did not go against them something to do. 6. Hitler hoped to copy Mussolini the Italian fascist leader who had come to power in Italy in 1922 by marching on Rome. Results of the Munich Putsch The Munich Putsch was a failure. As a result 1. The Nazi party was banned, and Hitler was prevented from speaking in public until 1927. 2. Hitler went to prison, where he wrote Mein Kampf.Millions of Germans read it, and Hitlers ideas became very well-known. 3. Hitler discrete that he would neer come to power by revolution he realised that he would pack to use constitutional means, so he organised o the Hitler younker o propaganda campaigns o mergers with other right-wing parties o local branches of the party, which tried to get Nazis elected to the Reichstag o the SS as his personal bodyguard, which was set up in 1925 It was this strategy of gaining power legitimately that eventually brought him to power. How did the Weimar Republic survive?In 1923 the Weimar Republic was teetering at the brink of a very large cliff with problems such as hyperinflation, attempted revolutions and public discontent, pushing it increasingly towards the edge. How could the Republic possibly survive? Gustav Stresemann and Charles Dawes In 1923, the Weimar Republic was on the verge of collapse, but, surprisingly, the crisis was the start of a pointedness of stability and success. The period 1923-1929 was a time when the economy boomed and cultural invigoration flourished in Germany. This dramatic turnabout happened because Germany was saved by cardinal people Gustav Stresemann and Charles Dawes.Gustav Stresemann had been a nationalist, but he realised that something needed to be done to save Germany. Under Stresemanns guidance, the government called off the strike, persuaded the French to leave the Ruhr and even got the rest of the gentleman to allow Germany to join the League of Nations in 1926. Stresemann also introduced reforms to help ordinary people such as job centres, unemployment pay and better housing. Charles Dawes was the US compute director. In 1923, he was sent to Europe to sort out Germanys economy. Under his advice, the German Reichsbank was reformed and the old money was called in and burned.This ended the hyperinflation. Dawes also pose t he Dawes Plan with Stresemann, which gave Germany longer to pay reparations. Most importantly, Dawes agreed to America lending Germany 800 million gold marks, which kick-started the German economy. Was Weimar stable during 1923-1929? Despite all the successes, many historians rely that the stability of the Weimar republic was illusory 1. The nationalists and fascists did not win many seats in the Reichstag, but they were allowed to exist and campaign, so they were just waiting for the right opportunity to attempt a takeover again. . Everything depended on American money if that stopped, Germany was ready to return to crisis. 3. No political party had a majority. Coalition govt struggled to agree and get laws passed. 4. Dawes Plan and new currency meant eco was stable Hitlers rise to power Hitlers rise to power cannot be attributed to one event, but a mixture of factors including events occurrent outside Germany, the strengths of the Nazi party, and the weaknesses of other parties within Germany. Hitler used these factors to his advantage and in 1933 he legitimately gained power to become chancellor.In 1929, the American Stock Exchange collapsed, and caused an economic depression. America called in all its foreign loans, which destroyed Weimar Germany due to the Dawes Plan. Unemployment in Germany rose to 6 million. The government did not know what to do. In July 1930 Chancellor Bruning tailor-make government expenditure, wages and unemployment pay the worst thing to do during a depression. He could not get the Reichstag to agree to his actions, so President Hindenburg used obligate 48 to pass the measures by decree. The Nazis gain support Anger and bitterness helped the Nazis to gain more support.Many workers turned to communism, but this frightened wealthy businessmen, so they financed Hitlers campaigns. Many middle-class people, alarmed by the obvious failure of democracy, decided that the country needed a strong government. Nationalists and racists bl amed the Treaty of Versailles and reparations. pic In 1928, the Nazis had exclusively 12 seats in the Reichstag by July 1932 they had 230 seats and were the largest party. The government was in chaos. President Hindenburg dismissed Bruning in 1932. His replacement Papen lasted six months, and the next chancellor Schleicher only lasted two months.Hindenburg had to use Article 48 to pass almost every law. In January 1933, Hindenburg and Papen came up with a plan to get the Nazis on their side by whirl to make Hitler vice chancellor. He refused and demanded to be made chancellor. They agreed, thinking they could control him. In January 1933, Hitler became chancellor, and immediately set about making himself absolute ruler of Germany using Article 48. Reasons why Hitler rose to power 1. Hitler was a great speaker, with the power to make people support him. 2. The moderate political parties would not work in concert, although together they had more support than the Nazis. . The dep ression of 1929 created poverty and unemployment, which made people angry with the Weimar government. People lost confidence in the democratic system and turned towards the radical political parties such as the Communists and Nazis during the depression. 4. The Nazi storm troopers attacked Hitlers opponents. 5. Goebbels propaganda campaign was very effective and it won support for the Nazis. The Nazis targeted specific groups of society with different slogans and policies to win their support. 6. Hitler was given power in a political deal by Hindenburg and Papen who foolishly thought they could control him. . German people were still angry about the Treaty of Versailles and supported Hitler because he promised to overturn it. 8. Industrialists gave Hitler money and support. How Hitler consolidated power 1933-1934 Dates and events 1933-1934 Date Event 27 Feb 1933 Reichstag Fire Hitler used the fire to his advantage in two ways pic It gave him an opportunity to imprison many communi st leaders, which stopped them campaigning during the election. It allowed the Nazis to say that the country was in danger from the communists during its election campaign. Both these actions helped the Nazis to win more seats in the election. When the courts convicted Dutch Communist van der Lubbe, but did not convict otherCommunist leaders, Hitler was furious and replaced the courts with the Nazi Peoples Courts. 5 Mar 1933 General Election only 44 per cent of the population vote for the Nazis, who win 288 seats in the Reichstag. pic Although it did not give the Nazis the majority that Hitler had hoped for in the Reichstag, it gave them enough seats after Hitler had arrested all the communist deputies and the other parties had been intimidated by the SA to get the Enabling Act passed, which is all Hitler needed to do. 23 Mar 1933 Enabling Act the SA intimidates all the stay non-Nazi deputies. The Reichstag votes to give Hitler the right to make his pic own laws. Arguably the critical event it gave Hitler absolute power to make his laws. 26 April 1933 Local government is reorganised the country is carved up into 42 Gaus, which are run by a Gauleiter. These Gaus are separated pic into areas, localities and blocks of flats run by a Blockleiter. Hitler sets up the Gestapo. This put the Nazis in control of local government, and allowed the Gestapo to rule by terror. 2 May 1933 Trade unions are abolished and their leaders arrested. pic Abolishing the trade unions allowed Hitler to destroy a group that might study foreign him. It also gave Hitler the opportunity to set up the German Labour Front, which gave him control over German workers. 20 June 1933 Concordat Hitler makes an agreement with the Pope who sees him as someone who can destroy communism. This agreement allows pic Hitler to take over political power in Germany as long as he leaves the Catholic perform service alone.Hitlers agreement with the Pope was a temporary tru ce that allowed Hitler to ban the Catholic Zentrum party without opposition from the Catholic Church. 14 July 1933 Political parties are banned only the Nazi party is allowed to exist. pic Banning political parties made Germany a one-party state and destroyed democracy in the country. After this action, Germans could no longer get rid of Hitler in an election. 24 April 1934 Peoples Courts Hitler sets up the Nazi peoples courts where judges have to swear an oath of loyalty to the Nazis. pic These were set up to give Hitler greater control over the judgements made in courts. Hitler was furious because the courts did not sentence the communists to death for starting the Reichstag fire. 30 June 1934 Night of the Long Knives some SA leaders are demanding that the Nazi party carry out its socialist agenda, and that the SA pic take over the army.Hitler cannot afford to annoy the businessmen or the army, so the SS SS Also known as the Blackshirts. A German police/ military sty le organisation created to serve as the personal bodyguards of Adolf Hitler. In Hitlers Germany they eventually controlled the intelligence, security and police forces, and extermination of those they considered undesirable. murders perhaps four hundred of the SA members, including its leader Rohm, along with a number of Hitlers other opponents. This destroyed all opposition within the Nazi Party. It gave power to the brutal SS. It also showed the rest of the beingness what a tyrant Hitler was. 19 Aug 1934 Fuhrer when Hindenburg dies, Hitler declares himself jointly president, chancellor and head of the army. This formally made pic Hitler the absolute ruler of Germany. Many historians believe that Nazi Germany only appeared to be a dictatorship.In fact, officials were left to make most of the decisions themselves, and the Nazi government was badly-organised, and chaotic. Hitler and the army It is important to note that in 1934, the army was not subject to Hitlers authorit y. At this point, he still needed the armys support, which is why he destroyed the SA in the Night of the Long Knives. In 1938, army leaders hoped Hitlers plan to conquer the Sudetenland would fail and give them an opportunity to depose Depose To remove a ruler or monarch. him.When he suceeded, their attempt to get rid of him fell apart, and Hitler dismissed the chief of staff and 60 other generals. Thereafter, the army was also subservient to Hitler. The structures of control in the Nazi state Hitler introduced many policies and measures to ensure the Nazis remained in control, once he declared himself Fuhrer. These measures dealt with political opponents, as well as ordinary people, who suddenly found their private, social and working lives controlled by the Nazis. Seven key structures The Nazi party aimed to control every aspect of peoples political, social and working lives.It maintained control through a mixture of propaganda Propaganda A type of advertising for an idea or cau se, produced by supporters or opponents of that idea or cause. It is usually produced to influence how the people of a nation think. and intimidation. 1. Government (political) The way Hitler consolidated power in 1933-1934 meant that the Nazis had absolute control of national and local government. 2. Religion (social) Hitler believed that religion was a threat to the Nazis control over peoples minds, so he tried different ways to reduce the power of the church over people.Non-Nazi Catholic priests and Protestant pastors such as Martin Niemoller and Dietrich Bonhoffer were sent to concentration camps. Jews and Jehovahs Witnesses were openly persecuted. Hitler set up a state Reich Church, which banned the Bible and the cross. Nazis further people to revive the old Viking myths and ceremonies. 3. Culture (social) Hitler ordered Nazification the imposition of Nazi values on all aspects of German life. Artists had to produce acceptable paintings that portrayed Nazi values. Jaz z music was banned. Books written by Jews were publicly burned. Homosexuals were persecuted they did not fit the Nazi image of the ideal family. The majestic Games of 1936 were a huge Nazi propaganda success. 4. convey (working) Dr Robert Ley, head of the DAF DAF German Labour Front , boasted that he controlled workers lives from the cradle to the grave. The RAD (National Labour Service) sent young men on public works. Hitler introduced conscription in 1936 most men went into the army after the RAD. The DAF (German Labour Front) controlled workers conditions at work. The KdF (Strength through Joy) movement regulated their leisure time. . Education and youth (working) The lives of young people were controlled both in and out of school to turn them into fanatical Nazis. Non-Nazi watchers and university professors were sacked teachers had to join the National Socialist Teachers League. Textbooks were re-written to include Nazi political and racial ideas. History was taught t o glorify Germany. There was a concentration on physical fitness. Girls were taught cookery boys were taught science and maths. The Hitler Youth was compulsory it indoctrinated boys and watchful them for war. The Nazi Girls youth organisation the BDM was compulsory it indoctrinated girls and prepared them for church, baberen and cooking. 6. Terror (method of control) Germany became a country where it was unsafe to do or say anything critical of the government. SS and Gestapo (Secret State Police. ) Blockleiters in each block of flats and street informed on grumblers. Arrests of thousands of people terrified opponents. Set up Nazi peoples courts. Concentration camps.7. Propaganda (method of control) Josef Goebbels controlled the Propaganda Ministry, which aimed to brainwash people into obeying the Nazis and idolising Hitler. Mass rallies at Nuremberg. Newspapers were censored. Peoples radios were sold very cheaply, but broadcasts were controlled. Films were controlled to make films that glorified war and pilloried the Jews. Loudspeakers in public places blared out Nazi propaganda. Cult of personality Hitlers picture was everywhere, and he was portrayed as Germanys saviour. Women in the Nazi state Hitler had very clear ideas about the womans role in the Nazi state she was the centre of family life, a housewife and mother. Hitler even introduced a medal for women who had eight or more childrenThe role of women The Nazis had clear ideas of what they wanted from women. Women were expected to stay at home and look after the family. Women doctors, teachers and civil servants were forced to give up their careers. Even at the end of the war, women were never asked to serve in the armed forces. Their job was to keep the home nice for their husband and family their life should revolve round the three Ks church children cooking Goebbels said The mission of women is to be beautiful and to bring children into the world. Hitler wanted a high birth ra te, so the population would grow.The Nazis even considered making it law that families should have at least four children. Girls did keep fit in the BDM BDM Bund Deutscher Madel the German group for girls age 14+ to make themselves healthy for childbirth, but they were discouraged from staying slim, because it was thought that thin women had trouble giving birth. The Law for the Encouragement of Marriage gave newly wed couples a loan of 1,000 marks, and allowed them to keep 250 marks for each child they had. Mothers who had more than eight children were given a gold medal.Unmarried women could volunteer to have a baby for an Aryan Aryan a person of European decent (not Jewish) lots with blond hair and blue eyes the Nazis viewed as the superior human race member of the SS Women were supposed to emulate traditional German peasant fashions theatre peasant costumes, hair in plaits or buns and flat shoes. They were not expected to wear make-up or trousers, dye their hair or smok e in public. Opposition Those who spoke out against Hitler and his policies faced intimidation and threats from the Gestapo or imprisonment and in some cases execution.However, there were some brave individuals and groups who openly opposed Hitler and his policies. Who opposed Hilter? It was difficult and dangerous to oppose Hitler. However, some brave people did try 1. The Catholic Archbishop of Munster, von Galen, led a successful campaign to end euthanasia of mentally-disabled people. 2. Some Catholic priests opposed Hitler. In 1937, the Popes message With Burning Concern attacked Hitler as a mad prophet with repulsive arrogance and was read in every Catholic church. 3. The White Rose group was formed by students at Munich University.They published anti-Nazi leaflets, but were discovered and executed in 1944. 4. A paramilitary wing of the Social Democratic Party, called the Reichsbanner, sabotaged railway lines and acted as spies. 5. During the war, swing groups were formed. Th ese were young people who rejected Nazi values, drank alcohol and danced to jazz. More violent groups were called the Edelweiss Pirates. They daubed anti-Nazi slogans, sheltered deserters and beat up Nazi officials. In 1944, the Cologne Pirates (the Edelweiss Pirates based in Cologne) killed the Gestapo chief, so the Nazis publicly hanged 12 of them. . Many Protestant pastors, led by Martin Niemoller, formed the Confessional Church in opposition to Hitlers Reich Church. Niemoller was held in a concentration camp during the period 1937-1945. Another Protestant pastor, Dietrich Bonhoffer, took part in the 1944 bomb plot and was executed. 7. In 1944, a group of army officers and intellectuals called the Kreisau Circle tried to bomb Hitler. The bomb was planted by Colonel Stauffenberg. It exploded, but Hitler survived. In retaliation, 5,000 people were executed. Persecution Who did the Nazis persecute?The Nazis believed that only Germans could be citizens and that non-Germans did not ha ve any right to the rights of citizenship. The Nazis racial philosophy taught that some races were untermensch (sub-human). Many scientists at this time believed that people with disabilities or social problems were genetic degenerates whose genes needed to be eliminated from the human bloodline. The Nazis, therefore Tried to eliminate the Jews. Killed 85 per cent of Germanys Gypsies. Sterilised black people. Killed mentally disabled babies. Killed mentally ill patients. Sterilised physically disabled people and people with hereditary diseases. Sterilised deaf people. Put homosexuals, prostitutes, Jehovahs Witnesses, alcoholics, pacifists, beggars, hooligans and criminals who they regarded as anti-social into concentration camps. How the Nazis persecuted the Jews key dates 1933 Boycott of Jewish businesses. Jewish civil servants, lawyers and teachers sacked. Race Science lessons to teach that Jews are inferior 1935 Jews not wanted here signs put up at swimming pools etc . Nuremberg laws (15 September) Jews could not be citizens. They were not allowed to vote or to connect a German. 1938 Jews could not be doctors. Jews had to add the name Israel (men) or Sarah (women) to their name. Jewish children forbidden to go to school. Kristallnacht (9 November) attacks on Jewish homes, businesses and synagogues Synagogues These are places of Jewish worship and community. . pic A shop damaged during Kristallnacht 1939 Jews were forced to live in ghettoes. 1941 Army Einsatzgruppen squads in Russia started mass-shootings of Jews. All Jews were forced to wear a yellow star of David. 1942 Wansee Conference (20 January) decided on the Final Solution, which was to gas all Europes Jews.The main death camps were at Auschwitz, Treblinka and Sobibor. Economic policies and benefits Hitlers economic policy had four main ideas 1. Full employment the idea that everyone should have a job. By 1939, there was virtually no unemployment in Germany. 2. Beauty of Work the Nazis set up the SdA (Beauty of Work) to help Germans see that work was good, and that everyone who could work should. In fact because the Nazis had abolished the trade unions, banned strikes, and given more power to the industrialists real wages fell and hours were longer under Hitler. 3. Re-armament begun in 1935 the idea of guns before butter. . Autarky there was an unsuccessful attempt at making Germany self-sufficient.The good life in Nazi Germany Despite the loss of political and religious freedom, life improved in Germany for many ordinary people who were prepared to toe the line and look the other way. Everybody had a job, and a wage. To people who had been unemployed and starving, work and bread was a wonderful blessing worth every civil liberty they lost. The Nazis set up KdF (Strength through Joy), which gave workers rewards for their work evening classes, theatre trips, picnics, and even free holidays. The Nazis devised a scheme to allow workers to buy a Volks wagen Beetle car for a small weekly payment. People appreciated the public works eg new schools and hospitals. Nazi Youth groups provided activities and holidays for young people. How Hitler increased employment Hitler introduced many policies to fulfil his goal of full employment He stopped paying reparations and invested the money in German companies. He began a huge programme of public works including planting forests, and building hospitals and schools. He also built public buildings such as the 1936 Olympic Stadium.The construction of the autobahns created work for 80,000 men. Rearmament created jobs in the armaments industry. The introduction of national service meant all young men spent six months in the RAD RAD The labour service in which young men in Germany had to do a six-month compulsory stint. and then they were conscripted into the army. By 1939, 1. 4 million men were in the army, so they were not counted as unemployed. Many Jews were sacked and their jobs giv en to non-Jews. Many women were sacked and their jobs given to men.

The Animal Kingdom Animals

In the animal kingdom on that point argon so many distinct types of species. Every animal in the animal kingdom are a part of the animalia kingdom. Some of the different species that underside be raise in the animalia kingdom are insects, birds, echinoderms, and mammal. Out of all these different species that belong to the animalia kingdom they all have many traits and adaptations that are either very similar or very different that the opposite. Mammals-There are as many as 5000 mammal species in the animal kingdom.Some very important details to have intercourse roughly mammals is that they have some unique qualities and characteristics that differ from other animals in the animal kingdom such as their hair and fur and the fact that mammals birth full babies rather than eggs and the produce milk to go their offspring. An example of two mammals is cervid and cheetahs. Cheetah-There is a rough estimate that there is about 100,000 cheetahs out there. The cheetah is a mammal th at can be lay out in a savannah of in a mildly open area.The mother land to the cheetah is Africa, but these days they can be found all across the eastern parts such as Iran. There was a time the there was a cheetah were located in much today. The cheetah is a carnivore, meaning they are meant eaters. They main prey that the cheetah turn tails is gazelles, wildebeest calves, impalas and smaller hoofed animals. Talking prey, the cheetah does not just hunt prey, but are prey themselves against animal corresponding the lions and hyenas, as well as failing victim to poachers and hunters. A fey factor and strength of the cheetah is its speed, a cheetah can reach ranges up to 70 mph.Whitetail deer- This mammal live ons in habitats that have deep woods and grassy brush areas. They are beat out found in southern Canada and all over the United States. The white chase deer is said to one of the smallest members in the deer family in uniting America. They are located in many different parts that range in area from Central America to Bolivia. Some interesting traits that the Whitetail deer has are their perfume glands on all four feet, metatarsal glands on all their hind legs, and the tarsal gland on their hind legs.The male deer known as the buck has big long antlers that are pointy and sharp. These are used in mating season for territory and fighting matches. The Female deer known as does. The white tailed deer is a part of the order Artiodactyls family. The white tailed deer are herbivores and eat mostly leaves, twigs, fruits and nuts, grass, corn, alfalfa, and veritable(a) lichens and other fungi. Both the Cheetah and the deer are both four legged mammals and they both have fur short fur coat. The white tailed deer is herbivores were as the cheetah is a carnivore.Some traits that the impala and white tailed deer have in common are they both have scent glands and the males have horns, females do not. The different characteristics would be that the male white tail sheds its horns. Insects-Mountain pine beetle-The mountain pine beetle is an insect that reside in areas like the forests of western North America. The mountain pine beetle is said to be mainly located in the Colorado pine forest. The beetle lives on and ingest through wood, and lumber that is found in the forest.Honey Bees- If there is one insect that is most common to everyone, it is the honey bee. The honey bee belongs to the hymenoptera family and is a huge resort to humans and the natural world we live in. Bees refine and concentrate nectar to produce honey. Bees are known as social insects and live in hives. distributively bee hive can contain anywhere from 20,000 to 80,000 bees. The bees work together in strong structured social order, giving them the name, the social insect. These social groups are referred to as castes. There are three castes which are the queens, drones, and workers.Another very important role that bees play is pollination. As pollen sticks to the bee it rubs off as it makes it way from flower to flower know as pollination. Although the beetle and the honey bee are two separate insects they have many characteristics in common. Both the beetle and the honey bee have wing and can fly, and most all honey bees as well as beetles are similar in size, shape and color. Although they are similar in many ways they are also very different. The roles these two insects play in our natural would could not be more different.Birds- Some characteristics that most all birds share is there feathers, ability to fly, they have no teeth, have two limbs and lay eggs. Adelie penguins- A penguin is a very unique kind of bird in the bird family. Penguins live in colonies. The Adelie penguin can be found primarily in Antarctica in the cold ice oceans or along the freezing shores. An Adelie penguins diet consists of shrimp-like krill, tilt and squid. They get they prey by diving below the surface of the waters. A Adelie penguin can dive as far as 575 feet (175 meters) to hunt for its prey.The Adelie penguin nest on land and are also very good swimmers. Andean condors- another very unique bird is the Andean condors. The Andean condor is a very king-size bird with a Body of, 4 ft (1. 2 m) wingspan, up to 10. 5 ft. It is one of the worlds largest birds that have the ability to fly. They weigh about 33lbs and has the largest wingspan of any other bird in the world. The Andean condor is known to hibernate near oceans, mountains and near deserts. They feed on carcasses of large wild or domestic animals. These birds are considered to be a very endangered species.

Theories On Criminals

Although there are several theorists that have tried to discover the reasoning as to why people become criminals. Each theorist has disparate theories explaining criminal behavior. There is the anomie theory or innovative adaptation. This explains that those with criminal behavior have a condition when behavioral expectations are unknown, undefined, or in conflict (Champion, 2008). This theory is accredited to Robert King Morton, however was originally proposed by the French sociologist Mile Druthers (1858-1917) (Champion, 2008).Morton implies that people either accept or stand firm goals of society, and they accept or reject means to accomplish those goals (Champion, 2008). Psychological theories address the individuals behavior through trying to explain the inner workings of the mind (Champion, 2008). unmatched theory that tries to explain the how the mind of a criminal works is the social learning theory. Social learning theorists such as Albert Bandeau, Walter Michel, and Rich ard Walters suggest that criminals are form by modeling criminal behavior after other criminals (Siegel & Welsh, 2012).Biological theories explain criminal behavior through abnormal physical structure, hereditary criminal behaviors, and biochemical disturbances (Champion, 2008). In 1957, David Matzo and Gresham Sykes set out to teach others about their theory of naturalization among Juvenile delinquents (David Matzo, 2009). Naturalization theory is actually a technique that allows an wrongdoer to rationalize their criminal act (David Matzo, 2009). Youths that fall under this theory will consider them responsible for the crime, deny there were any injuries or victims, and blame the victim(s) for the offenders actions.

Causes and Effects of the Salem Witch Trials Essay

1692 in capital of Oregon, Massachusetts was a time of fear, allegation, and deceit. It was the time of the Salem beldam trials. Family feuds, eccentric personalities, and even keeping dolls in your home were reasons for accusations. furnish by religious fanatics and young girls screaming for attention, literally, no one(a) was safe from the insanity of the witch-hunt. This paper is mean to discuss the causes of this hysteria, some of the trials that took place during the year 1692, and what finally stopped the madness of the witch-hunt.The Salem witch trials were render by many different things, but the beginning of this hysteria can be traced back to a small group of girls in Salem Village. Betty Parris, a nine-year-old girl with poor health, lived with her father Rev. Samuel Parris, who was the local minister, her mother, an invalid, and her cousin, Abigail Williams. Abigail Williams was a twelve-year-old orphan who worked for her keep she did most of the chores because of Be ttys illness and cared for her aunt. When they were finished with their chores, there was non much for the girls to do Rev. Parris objected to games because he suasion that playing was a sign of idleness, and idleness allowed the Devil to work his mischief. (http//www.salemwitchtrials.com) Reading books was a popular pastime during the winter. Most popular, were Books about fortune telling and prophecy. These were read, unsurprisingly, mostly by young girls and adolescents. nigh of the girls who read these books formed small groups to use the divination techniques that they had read about. Betty, Abigail, and two other girls formed one of these groups and were assisted by the Parris familys black slave, Tituba. (http//www.salemwitchtrials.com)Tituba, who was originally from Barbados, was very knowledgeable about the voodoo religion, and often told the girls stories of voodoo, witchcraft, and demons. Other girls began to join the group to listen to Titubas stories and tell their fortunes. Betty and Abigail were disquieted by their fortunes and began to act strangely. They were having fits, qualification strange noises, and contorting their bodies. (http//www.paralumun.com) Rev. Parris noniced their odd behavior and asked the help of Dr. William Griggs. Dr. Griggs could find nothing wrong with the girls medically, so he said they were bewitched. The girls were asked to name the witches that had bewitched them and they spokethe label of three women. Tituba, Sarah Osborne, and Sarah Good were all very probable witches. Sarah Osborne had not been to church in over a year, and Sarah Good was homeless and went door to door intercommunicate for alms, if turned away empty handed, Sarah Good would mumble words as she left that many thought were curses. The cases of the three women were investigated at the Salem Village Meetinghouse.During their questioning, Betty, Abigail, and six of their friends often claimed that the womens spirits were biting them pinching them or appearing as a small animal or bird. Despite the girls, Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne said they were innocent. Tituba, however, confessed to be a witch. Her excuse consisted of red rats, talking cats, and a tall man dressed in black. She verbalize that the man clothed in black made her sign in a book, and that Sarah Good, Sarah Osborne and others, whose names she could not read, had in addition signed this book. (http//www.salemwitchtrials.com) Tituba continued, saying that a black dog had threatened her and made her to hurt the girls. She also said that she had ridden through the air on a pole to witches meetings with the other two charge. (http//www.paralumun.com) Then Tituba give tongue to that there were about six other witches and their loss leader was a tall white-haired man. (http//www.paralumun.com) Titubas three-day confession confirmed the villagers beliefs and initiated the Salem witch trials.As the trials gained momentum, no one was safe from accusations th e girls accused large number regardless of age, health, or public opinion. Everyone was at risk of being accused, from the very young, such as Dorcas Good, a four-year-old boy who was jailed and put in chains to the old and well liked, like Rebecca Nurse who was a seventy-one year old lady and was considered kind and generous. Abigail Hobbs was already mentally unstable when she was charged with witchcraft. She confessed and gave the names of nine other witches. The decide accepted her confession instead of dismissing her as insane. On April 21, 1692, Nehemiah Abbot, William and Deliverance Hobbs, Sarah and Edward Bishop, bloody shame Ester, Mary Black, Sarah Wilds, and Mary English were arrested because of Abigail Hobbss accusations. (http//www.paralumun.com) Bridget Bishop had been charged with witchcraft twelve years ago she had been try but not convicted. When there was work being done on her cellar, poppets were instal in the walls. somewhat of themwere without heads and t hey were all stuck with pins. She was tried on June 2, 1692, and hanged June 10, 1692.Rebecca Nurse was tried on June 29, 1692. The jury found Rebecca Nurse not guilty but when they revealed their verdict in her case, the girls howled, thrashed about, and rolled around on the floor. With the courtroom in an uproar, the judges asked the jury to reconsider its decision (http//www.salemwitchtrials.com) Rebecca Nurse was found guilty, and hanged July 19, 1692. Rev. George Burroughs was the former Salem Village minister. He was accused of being the coven leader of all the witches in Massachusetts. (http//www.paralumun.com) The girls also called him the Black Minister and agreed that he was the leader of the Salem Coven. He had been widowed three times, and there was a rumor that he had mistreated his wives. When he was angry, he would sometimes brag about his demonic powers. He was tried on August 5, 1692, found guilty, and hanged on August 19, 1692. When he was being hanged, Rev. Burrou ghs said the Lords Prayer perfectly. The Puritans believed that a mavin could not say the Lords Prayer without error. (http//www.salemwitchtrials.com)During the winter of 1692-93, the witch trials began to loose public support. A man named Giles Corey who was accused of witchcraft refused to stand trial and was crushed to death. This, Rev. Burroughs prayer, and a letter written by an accused asking if it be possible, that no more innocent blood be shed, which undoubtedly cannot be avoided in the way and course you go in. (http//www.salemwitchtrials.com) This and the fact that the Governors wife had been accused of witchcraft caused the Governor to contend orders to protect those accused of witchcraft and ban the arrest of other suspected witches unless it was necessary on October 12, 1692. batch began to ignore the cries of witchcraft and the last trial was held in January of 1693. In May of 1693, the governor ended the witch trials for good when he pardoned all of the remaining accused. With nineteen hanged and one crushed, the Salem witch trials finally ended. (http//www.salemwitchtrials.com)This is how the Salem witch trials began and ended. In my opinion, the Salem witch-hunt was revolting. The destruction of innocent human lives was atrocious. I think that the witches were all in the imaginations of a few girls who wanted attention and power.

Communication: Meaning of Life and Words Essay

The news shows we intake and the order in we employ them give particular nub to our communication. There ar certain ca engagement when the meaning is clear plane though the spoken communication intentiond are technically wrong. But you cannot be certain that everyone with whom you communicate with bequeath understand what you are saying or the person who is sending you a heart and soul. Prejudice is an un causal agencyable dislike or preference for a person or group establish on their religion, race sex etc.While acquaintance is how you notice issues especially with your senses. Since we use nearly of our senses to communicate, most concourse allow for use the most dominant senses they put one across to pass a message and the outlook will determine how we judge them, for example a person may be a visually dominant person and you may maybe a touch oriented person so the way he may pass on a message to you will not deduct out clearly or it may bring out a polar mean ing as to what it was before intended to.Incorrect expression will mean that the ideas that are to be conveyed will not be clear and you may lose interest in the message or communication and thus you will come out with a antithetic perspective of the person conveying this message or the message itself. As humans we tend to have this weakness of stereotyping community once we look at them.We tend to judge people from their outside appearance rather than from what they say or do plainly once a person has written or spoken something we come out with a contrary view of them according to Pearson, nelson, titsworth and harter (2003) our expectations and our expressions of the behavior of others are guided by how we savvy them and its through their communications is how we will look at it. How nomenclature dictate pride and prejudice Here is where we will discuss how use of words will affect how we perceive people and how prejudice will come in.Adopting the proper use of words are both crucial to both personal and business life. Unless friends and acquaintances know what they mean, relationships will bring strained. Unless employees interpret what is communicated to them well, work production will go down. so the proper use of words will dictate how we interpret things and use them in our day to day activities. Words can be seen as take formal and distance lacking the personal touch which is so often positive, a feature in other forms of communications.It takes a highly skilled communicator to interpret the message to its intended form. People tend to use tangled words which they may try to impress the person receiving the message . Never use complicated words or phrases for simple things (sillars 1988) as it will bring a huge meaning from what it was originally meant to and it will make the message receiver look at it from a different perspective. Using faulty words and in a misplaced order will affect how a message is supposititious to be passed along. Words tend to lose their effects through constant use, its far better to be specific and clear than to risk irritating and confusing to the receiver of the message communicators who fail to effect that persons from different cultures may not look think or act as themselves do run the risks of having those whom they act with judge them to be insensitive ignorant or culturally confused (gamble 2002) like a word which may mean happiness to you may mean totally different in another different community or country.Since perception is through our senses and our senses vary, we interpret words and messages differently. Not everyone perceives things the way we do, we form stereotypes of people, things and situations so the way a message is passed along and the words used in the message dictates how we will perceive the message and interpret it.Each individual perception of a message is influenced by his or her view thus out of the massive information available to us we will pick out the m essages that has words that conform to our own beliefs, expectations or convictions and we tend to reject the information that has words which contradicts them. Our selective processes allow us to add delete or change stimuli so that we can deflect dealing with certain information. unlawful use of words can also lead to a process called selective perception which is the endeavor to see hear and believe only what u want.Words can help us form first impression about people thus first impressions can dramatically affect perception about peopleyou will find that people usually attribute positive qualities to persons A, selecting a descriptive word with very positive connotations in contrast, persons B is often perceived as possessing negative qualities and for this reason the word chosen to describe B has also negative connotations (gamble 2002) Perhaps the most difficult thing with words is that they can mean two different things to two different people, and they do not have the oppo rtunity to query it immediately.Benjamin Disraeli, the first English prime minister of Jewish descend and a brilliant novelist used to reply in this words to admires who send him large manuscripts of their own in the hopes of gaining his advice. galore(postnominal) thanks, I shall loose no time in reading it. The gulf between what he meant and what they estimate he meant was, we can guess, considerable.Everyone who works with words should be aware of how they can take on a new, different and disturbing meaning in the learning abilitys of others, and should guard against this by checking even the most apparent naive expressions before using them. Many new words add vigor and strength to a language and can be very effective when used in the right context.Words need to be used with caution if you do not want to be ambiguous, inaccurate or totally inexplicable in what you say, even if a new word or a new saying becomes parking lot and is heard in every television or radio broadcas t, try not to adopt it immediately and uncritically, pause for a moment and consider whether it helps to clarify the ideas it puts onwards, or whether it obscures it otherwise it will bring forward a different perception of the message it intended to pass forwardit is also important to realize that a word that does not function for you may functiondifferently for another person even if you did not intend it to be given a certain interpretation(gamble 2002) Since we assign meaning on the basis of our experience, and since no two people have the same set of experiences, it follows that no two people will have the same meaning for the same word. This aspect should neither be lauded nor cursed it should just be remembered. Too frequently we let our words lead us away from where we want to go, we inadvertently antagonize our family, friends and co-workers. We are infuriated, For example, when an important deal collapses because our position has not been understood or we are terrified when the leaders of government miscommunicate and put their counties on a collision cause. In order to avoid or alleviate such problems, we must remember that meaning can change as people who use their words change. You might wear a sports jacket or a sweater or a Pair of jeans to a everyday party, but this does not mean that everyone else who is invited to that party would interpret casual in the same way.The meaning people attribute to symbols and words are affected by their background, age, educational level and work. Forgetting this can cause misunderstandings and lead to communication difficulties. Words in themselves have no meaning, the meaning resides in the mind of the communicators(sillars 1988). try to identify how the lives of people with whom you communicate with can cause them to respond to words in ways you would not respond. Different responses are neither right nor wrong they are just different.Conclusion While points argued attempt to reflect accurate use of word s, they should be used with certain terminus ad quem and care. Remember that human beings are the same physically but they may differ in mind and reasoning, even the meaning of words may change or alter with time. For example, scholars who edit Shakespeare have to modify the punctuation of earlier editions so that the contemporary reader can gain a proper moil of the meaning and movements of the speeches and the significance to the actions.Be clear, be accurate, and be concise, always choosing the words which make you point in the most direct way, and you will be able to communicate effectively. References Baran, (2004) introduction to mass communication, McGraw hill companies virgin York Harter, nelson, Pearson, titsworth (2003) human communication, McGraw hill companies New York Michael gamble, Teri gamble, (2002) how communication works, McGraw hill companies New York Sillars (1988), success in communication, john Murray (publishers) ltd, capital of the United Kingdom Sillars (1981) communication rules ok John Murray (publishers) ltd, London.

Manage Under Uncertainty

University of Newcastle October 2012 yellow-bellied machine Case Study GSBS6001 several(prenominal) Assignment By Shih Yun Lin (3172398) Executive Summery Managers be constantly faced with critical closings that give to a great extent impact on the familiaritys competitive expertness and profitability. This report volition analyse the critical conclusivenesss do in the crusade contain The Change Story of yellowness Auto Company from a sociologic finding fashioning perspective.The case account orders four main lasts which are ontogenesis of commercialize share, change in decision counseling ardour, clarify pipeline description and drop greater succession and money in homosexual resources. The analysis of these decisions centres on the consanguinitys between employees and managers and the positive and negative attributes of sort out decision devising. The case study demonstrates that the decisions do by icteric Auto stir been successful in achieving t he organisational objective of an change magnitude in food market share and an correctd human resources quality.Recommendations have then been made in outrank to improve the telephoners future decision make lick including a more consultative decision qualification process for high risk decisions, a hybrid management way of life, a different set up for job descriptions and quality management for human resources activities. Table of Contents Executive Summery2 Introduction3 Critical Decisions4 increment of foodstuff Share4 Change in Management Style5 Clarify Job Descriptions6 Invest Greater Time and notes in Human Resources6Recommendations7 Conclusion9 Reference List10 Introduction Companies must constantly make critical decisions in order to adopt strategies in order to gain a competitive advantage or keep up in the rapidly evolving market. The factors influencing decisions and the relative advantages and disadvantages toilet be viewed from multiple perspectives. This r eport will analyse the decisions made in the case study The Change Story of Yellow Auto Company from a sociologic decision making perspective.The sociological perspective focuses on the patterns of social relationships, interaction and culture and how this impacts on the companys decision making process. Various critical decisions have been made in this case study including Increase of market share, change in decision management flair, clarify job description and invest greater condemnation and money in human resources. These decisions have all strongly impacted the company and will put out to impact it in the future.These decisions will be explored with a sociological focus, discussing positive and negative attributes of distributively decision. Recommendations will then be explored in regards to how the company can improve their decision making in the future. This case study report is based on credible research retrieved from published books and accredited journals obtained fr om the internet. Critical Decisions Increase of Market ShareThe first critical decision in the case study is the goal set in 2001, to increase Yellow Autos market share to 50%. This goal has been derived by the outgo managers alone and without any input for from the middle managers or front line staff. The managers believe the only style to achieve this goal is through an improvement in the human resource quality. in that location are more or less(prenominal) sociological factors in this decision including autocratic management style and small group decision making.Firstly Yellow Autos management style is comparable with that of McGregors Theory X management style in which top management makes all the decisions and maintain a strict control over the furrow (Mathis, 2010). This decision making and enforcing style can be effective due to the nature of small group decision making, in which smaller groups are able to reach consensus more easy. This is due to it being a more time ly approach as lower soma of battalion correlates to a reduced number of differing opinions and an increase in the participation of all fellow members.The group is then able to work out the differences in points of view and come to an agreement. The communication flow from this point is then one way as heady by the autocratic style and the decision can be implemented throughout the rest of the organisation. at that place are withal many negative attributes with the style of decision making however as the subordinates of Yellow Auto have non been included in the decision making process they may not be as motivated to implement the decisions made by the top managers.This is exacerbated in the case study as this decision to increase the market share of the company is risky due to the economic slur in Turkey. Turkey had experienced a financial crisis in both 2000 and 2001 the latter being specially far reaching in terms of its impact, outcomeing in a major collapse of output and involvement (Onis, 2006). judge this level of risk without the consult of new(prenominal) employees can increase uncertainty within the company and cause employees to feel segregated from the company.Furthermore the use of a small group in this decision making process has the potential of experiencing the Abilene paradox (Harvey in Teale, 2003290) in which some top managers may not representative their concerns to avoid being discredited or appear to lose faith in the organisation. In order to identify and address these potential issues management of Yellow Auto decided to work with academics in the effectuation of this decision. Change in Management Style Following an audit from the external consultants they proposed that the utocratic management style shortly in use is a barrier preventing the company from achieving their goal of an increase in market share. Accepting this advice, the top management of Yellow Auto change to a more democratic management style opening syste ms of communication and the development of trust in employees throughout the organisation. This changes the group structure of Yellow Auto as where previously employees could be considered part of Scotts out status, they have now have the probability to move up to the fringe status or actively participate as a primary winding set member (Scott in Harrison 1999222).This kick the buckets to increased motivation with employees and gives them a greater connection to the company. By increase the amount of people participating in decision making, Yellow Auto are able to practice the diverse human resources that they have in order to generate more creative ideas and solutions to issues the company has. There are downsides into an increased group size however as reaching a consensus with more people is much more difficult. There is as well as an increase in the time it takes to make a decision and leads to unproductively and can create divisions within the company.Clarify Job Descripti ons Another critical decision made in the case study is to interview all employees in order to analyse their jobs and clarify their job descriptions. This was entire due to employees stating that their responsibilities were not clear and authority and relationships were not clearly defined. Upon finish the analysis it was observed that some of the tasks between managers and employees were overlapping and steps were introduced in order to distinguish between tasks and develop more comprehensible job descriptions.By distinguishing and identifying employees roles, the relationships between the employees are explained and can lead to better understanding of authority and improve communication throughout the organisation (Mathis, 2010). It also prevents particular roles from overlapping and can match that the right employee is completing the necessary job. While ensuring that job descriptions are up to date and clearly defined this can also have some negative implications for the com pany. Firstly in order to complete this is very costly and time consuming.It can then freeze the job, preventing it from evolving and result in a lack of flexibility and remove green light from the employee. By describing the responsibilities of the employees it reinforces the boundaries of responsibility and can lead to the its not my job (Mathis, 2010) reflex. Invest Greater Time and Money in Human Resources The final critical decision made in the case study was to invest greater time and money into human resources. This decision has a heavy focus on sociology with the relationship between employees and an emphasis on communication.Yellow Auto hired new staff to fit the right jobs and invested heavily in their training. Training included individual aspects such as interpersonal skills, time and stress management as well as group sessions which increase coordination and communication and team spirit. These training methods and exercises focus on building the characteristics of eff ective groups including cohesion, group roles, norms, correctity and interaction (Ayson, 2012). Cohesion is created through the team building activities and the job descriptions which also lead to an understanding of the roles and norms of the group.This allows for group activities to be conducted in an acceptable manner with each member of the group knowing how to act and what duties they must perform. This creates an environment in which the employees can work together easily without confusion and make decisions as well as perform their individual tasks to an acceptable standard. These characteristics also have negative attributes and can encourage groupthink, where independent critical thinking and objective moral judgment will be suspended in deference to group norms and in observance of group consensus (Harrison, 1999184).Setting particular roles may also create a reliance on particular group members and if they are not present or leave, then the group suffers and is not able to operate without the person carrying out their tasks. A akin(predicate) issue that is present with these three characteristics is the reduction in innovation as the group has set standards of behavior and expectations the need or ability to generate innovative responses is reduced. Lack of innovation and individual thinking is also an issue with conformity.In order to demonstrate that the group is performing well and in order to reduce conflicts, individuals conform to the groups suggestions and decisions (Popova, 2012). While this may be beneficial in the sense of reaching decisions and operative cooperatively in order to achieve goals, it limits the effectiveness of the group and the results of the group could be the same as that of an individual. Another positive aspect of Yellow Autos investment in human resources is the group interaction achieved through this program.As the employees train and work together communication and teamwork skills are improved which results in a greater ability of the group to work together in order to achieve organisational goals. It also allows employees to understand how to use each individuals skills and abilities in order to improve the decision making process and produce shining outcomes. Recommendations The decisions made and the decision making process in the case study are open to criticism.The result of these decisions however demonstrates that the correct steps were taken in order to achieve and exceed the organisations goal of an increase in market share to 50%. In light of the success of Yellow Autos decisions there are still various recommendations that can be made including a more consultative decision making process for high risk decisions, a hybrid management style, a different set up for job descriptions and quality management for human resources activities.. Firstly the decision to increase market share to 50% was a high risk decision which had potential to highly negatively impact the company.Due to the nature of this decision as high risk and potential impact to the majority of employees Yellow Autos managers should have not made this decision alone. Instead this should have been a consultative process with employees and academics to discuss the potential impacts and rewards of the decision. This will lead to motivation for the employees as they have been a part of this decision as well as increase in commitment to the company as the employees can feel valued by the organisation as they are playing an active role in its future (Teale, 2003).Secondly, the companys management style began as autocratic and then changed to democratic at the request of the academics. Yellow Auto should not honest use one management style, but a hybrid of the two in order to efficaciously make and enforce decisions. By using a hybrid management style the top managers can decide the level of employee consultancy depending on the nature of the decision and its affect on the company and employees.This w ill ensure that the right amount of employee contribution and new ideas are gathered as well as approach to a timely and efficient solution. Another recommendation is how the job descriptions are set. While ensuring tasks are not overlapping and there is an understanding of employees roles and responsibilities are necessary, the job descriptions should not be written in a way that restricts the employees activities or discourages flexibility and initiative.Finally with the heavy investment in human resources Yellow Auto needs to ensure that these activities are quality controlled and that the group interactions and decision making activities are effective. For typesetters case this means that issues such as conformity need to be addressed and such as present in the Asch Paradigm in which managers can encourage individuals to speak up, which then in turn enables other employees to snap out of conformity (Popova, 2012). ConclusionA number of critical decisions have been raised in t he case study including the decision to increase market share, change in management style, clarify job description and invest greater time and money in human resources. The decision making process involved in reaching these decisions and the potential positive and negative outcomes have been analysed from a sociological perspective. The case study has demonstrate that these decisions have yielded the desired result of an increase in market share and had many other benefits towards the company.Even so various recommendations have been made in order to improve Yellow Autos decision making process and improve the successfulness of the company. Reference List Ayson, S. (2012). Managing Under Uncertainty Sociology of Decision Making, Lecture Slides. Harrison, F. (1999). The Managerial Decision-Making Process. fifth Ed. Houghton Mifflin Mathis, R. (2010). Human Resource Management 13th Edition. South-Western Cengage Learning Onis, Z. (2006).Beyond the 2001 Financial Crisis The Political Economy of the new phase of Neo-Liberal Restructuring in Turkey. Retrieved October 19, 2012, from http//www. cesran. org/Dosyalar/MAKALELER/ZIYA_ONIS_Beyond_the_2001_financial_crisis. pdf Popova, M. (2012). Elevator Groupthink A Psychology Experiment in Conformity, 1962. Retrieved October 19, 2012, from http//www. brainpickings. org/index. php/2012/01/13/asch-elevator-experiment/ Teale, M. (2003). Management Decision-Making Towards an Integrated Approach. Pearson