A Theory in Crisis Essay

People are naturally selfish, greedy and will always think about themselves especially during difficult times. That is even scientifically proven by Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution – Natural Selection, â€Å"Natural selection eliminates inferior species gradually over time. † It is the only way to survive. And yet there are still a few good men who would go out of their comfort zones to bring justice onto the table. Willie Stark had enjoyed his fair share of both the good and the bad. â€Å"Guilty of dishonest practices, as bribery; without integrity; crooked† (Stein, 1975, p. 302). Corruption can be a politician’s worst nightmare or his best friend. Sometimes, you do it against your will. But in the end, you are consumed by it, just like any other power hungry crazed individual, believing that they can make a difference. Willie Stark believed in it too. Willie was just like any ordinary farmer’s son. He grew up in the South and is employed as Mason City’s county treasurer. He wanted to make a difference by giving light into a controversy. He set out a campaign against an alleged county schoolhouse construction contract. He was working for Dolph Pillsbury, the County sheriff, who happened to favor the bid of a certain J. H. Moore over all the others. The fact that J. H. Moore did not have the lowest bid only brought more suspicion as to why he was chosen. Willie fought this, as he was on the side of Jeffers Construction, the one having placed the lowest bid. Eventually, the County sheriff got what he wanted and J. H. Moore won the contract, Willie lost his job. But he stood by his conviction and he was rewarded. Years later, the schoolhouse met a tragic fate due to the low quality construction materials that was used by J. H. Moore. The building collapsed, killing three and injuring several others. I believe this moment was one of the turning points of the story. It shows that when you stood by what you tried to fight for until the very end, the people would know of this and you will gain their sympathy. Hence, he ran for governor as planned by existing political figures. Although he did not win, this became his driving force to study law, and later to run again for the same position. Willie Stark’s character in Robert Penn Warren’s All the King’s Men is that of a governor surrounded by all the people mixed in a perfect concoction to produce the dictionary meaning of political differences powered by blackmail, alliances and corruption. I believe that a person’s morality is gravely affected by circumstances of everyday living. One day you believe in the political system, the next day you probably would not. Maybe you encountered a bully police officer, a person trying to blackmail you, or a pickpocket. A person can be as hard as a rock when he or she stands by his/her moral and ethical principles. But even the strongest rocks are destroyed especially by secrets that are meant to damage your public image and meant to shake the very foundation of your moral beliefs. I believe that Willie Stark was corrupted by the political system. And I would like to point out three reasons why. As I have mentioned, Willie wanted to correct what he thought was wrong with the schoolhouse bid event when he stood up for the Jeffers Construction. Unknown to him, the County sheriff will still be the one to call the shots since he has authority over every single thing that happens. I believe this showed how much Willie was not in favor of set-ups in the political hierarchy, and an honest man would accept losing his job rather than sticking up to the misdoings of his superior. Another circumstance pointing to the righteousness of Willie was when he gave his support to his opponent Sam MacMurfee during his first time to run for governor. He found out the plan when Sadie Burke revealed it to him and to the dismay of all those who worked for his campaign, he announced his support to his rival on his big speech. Lastly, his efforts to build a free-for-all hospital sum up his desire to help the needy. What I see is a person who believes in the morality of things but is just caught up in the immorality and corruption that is inevitable in politics. Right from the start he was good, and he never stopped being good even if he has to do bad to be good. References AllAboutScience. org. (2002). Darwin’s Theory of Evolution – A Theory in Crisis. Retrieved December 22, 2007, from http://darwins-theory-of-evolution. com Stein, J. (Ed. ). (1975). The Random House College Dictionary. New York: Random House, Inc.

Series Circuit

Chapter 4 Chapter 4 Electric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 Series circuits Summary All circuits have three common attributes. These are: 1. A source of voltage. 2. A load. 3. A complete path. VS + R3 R1 R2 Electric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 Series circuits Summary A series circuit is one that has only one current path. R1 R1 R2 R3 VS R3 R2 VS R1 R2 R3 VS Electric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 Summary Series circuit rule for current:Because there is only one path, the current everywhere is the same. For example, the reading on the first ammeter is 2. 0 mA, What do the other meters read? + 2. 0 mA _ VS _ R1 + 2. 0 mA _ R2 2. 0 mA + _ 2. 0 mA +  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall Electric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd Chapter 4 Series circuits Summary The total resistance of resistors in series is the sum of the individual resi stors. For example, the resistors in a series circuit are 680 ? , 1. 5 k? , and 2. 2 k?. What is the total resistance? R1 VS 12 V 680 ? R2 1. 5 k? 4. 38 k? R3 2. 2 k?Electric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 Series circuit Summary VS 12 V R1 680 ? R2 1. 5 k? R3 2. 2 k? Tabulating current, resistance, voltage and power is a useful way to summarize parameters in a series circuit. Continuing with the previous example, complete the parameters listed in the Table. I1= 2. 74 mA I2= 2. 74 mA I3= 2. 74 mA IT= 2. 74 mA R1= 0. 68 k? R2= 1. 50 k? R3= 2. 20 k? RT= 4. 38 k? V1= 1. 86 V V2= 4. 11 V V3= 6. 03 V VS= 12 V P1= 5. 1 mW P2= 11. 3 mW P3= 16. 5 mW PT= 32. 9 mW  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-HallElectric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd Chapter 4 Summary Kirchhoff’s voltage law Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) is generally stated as: The sum of all the voltage drops around a single closed path in a circuit is equal to the total source voltage in that closed path. KVL applies to all circuits, but you must apply it to only one closed path. In a series circuit, this is (of course) the entire circuit. Electric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 Summary VS 12 V R1 680 ? R2 1. 5 k? Kirchhoff’s voltage law R3 2. 2 k?Notice in the series example given earlier that the sum of the resistor voltages is equal to the source voltage. I1= 2. 74 mA I2= 2. 74 mA I3= 2. 74 mA IT= 2. 74 mA R1= 0. 68 k? R2= 1. 50 k? R3= 2. 20 k? RT= 4. 38 k? V1= 1. 86 V P1= 5. 1 mW V2= 4. 11 V P2= 11. 3 mW V3= 6. 03 V P3= 16. 5 mW VS= 12 V PT= 32. 9 mW  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall Electric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd Chapter 4 Summary Voltage divider rule The voltage drop across any given resistor in a series circuit is equal to the ratio of that resistor to the total resistance, multiplied by source voltage.VS Assume R1 is twice the size of R2. What is the voltage across R1? 8 V 12 V R1 R2 Electric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 Voltage divider Summary R1 15 k? VS + 20 V R2 10 k? What is the voltage across R2? The total resistance is 25 k?. Applying the voltage divider formula: ? R2 V2 = ? ? RT ? ? 10 k? ? ? VS = ? ? 20 V = 8. 0 V ? 25 k? ? ? Notice that 40% of the source voltage is across R2, which represents 40% of the total resistance. Electric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall Chapter 4Voltage divider Summary Voltage dividers can be set up for a variable output using a potentiometer. In the circuit shown, the output voltage is variable. VS + 15 V R1 20 k? R2 10 k? What is the largest output voltage available? 5. 0 V VOUT Electric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 Summary R1 470 ? VS + 20 V R2 330 ? Power in Series Circuits Use the voltage divider rule to find V1 and V2. Then find the power in R1 and R2 and PT. Applyin g the voltage divider rule: ? 470 ? ? V1 = ? ? 20 V = 11. 75 V ? 800 ? ? ? 330 ? V2 = ? ? 20 V = 8. 25 V ? 800 ? ? The power dissipated by each resistor is: P= 1 (11. 75 V ) 2 470 ? 2 ( 8. 25 V ) = 0. 21 W P2 = 330 ? = 0. 29 W } PT = 0. 5 W Electric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 Summary A VS + 12 V R1 5. 0 k? B R2 10 k? C Voltage measurements Voltage is relative and is measured with respect to another point in the circuit. Voltages that are given with respect to ground are shown with a single subscript. For example, VA means the voltage at point A with respect to ground (called reference ground).VB means the voltage at point B with respect to ground. VAB means the voltage between points A and B. What are VA, VB, and VAB for the circuit shown? VA = 12 V VB = 8 V VAB = 4 V Electric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 Summary A R1 5. 0 k? B R2 10 k? C Voltage measurements Ground reference is not always at the lowest point in a circuit. Assume the ground is moved to B as shown. VS + 12 V What are VA, VB, and VC for the circuit? VA = 4 V VB = 0 V VC = ? 8 V Has VAB changed from the previous circuit?No, it is still 4 V Electric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 Selected Key Terms Series In an electric circuit, a relationship of components in which the components are connected such that they provide a single path between two points. Kirchhoff’s A law stating that (1) the sum of the voltage voltage law drops around a closed loop equals the source voltage in that loop or (2) the algebraic sum of all of the voltages (drops and source) is zero. Voltage divider A circuit consisting of series resistors across which one or more output voltages are taken.Electric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 Reference ground Selected Key Terms The metal chassis that houses the assembly or a la rge conductive area on a printed circuit board is used as a common or reference point; also called common. A circuit condition in which the current path is broken. A circuit condition in which there is zero or an abnormally low resistance between two points; usually an inadvertent condition. Open Short Electric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall

The Technique of Sampling in Music and Notions of Authorship Essay

The Technique of Sampling in Music and Notions of Authorship - Essay Example The credit for having composed the piece of music that was borrowed may or may not be explicitly given to the person who had originally composed it. This technique offends the sacrosanct position that music is given in the lives of many. Issues of plagiarism arise and royalties are almost never offered to the composer of the original tune. This leads to many problems within the music industry as well. Sampling is a technique whereby a part of a certain recording is used as a part of another song that may be the composition of an entirely different person who is then the ‘author’ of that particular song. The extensive use of this song and the attitude of its author shall also form a part of the analysis in this paper that shall attempt to dissect the issues of ownership that this song and the technique of sampling destabilize. The metaphorical death of the author that Roland Barthes talks of in his essay, The Death of the Author is one that can be seen in the extensive us e of the technique of sampling in the music of today. A particular portion of a song may be used in another as a part of it. The now ubiquitous discotheque where tunes and songs are mixed and remixed are places that question the notions of ownership that artists may raise when their tunes are being reworked. In today’s world, however, exclusive ownership of a work of art is impractical and is not enjoyed by anybody. A shared ownership of the music or any other work of art that is all that an artist can expect. This is tied in with several notions of authorship that have emerged in the modern world. In his seminal essay that was referred to earlier, Barthes talks of how the interpretation that a reader provides a text is what provides the text with its meaning (2004). The meaning that the author intended for a text only forms one of the many meanings that may be attributed to a text. The creation of meaning and essence, the till then inalienable right of the author and owner o f a text, thus passed on to the person who received the text. A piece of music is according to modern theorists, a cultural text that allows for multiple interpretations. The theory that applied to traditional texts, that is, books, would thus be applicable also to music. Music videos and recordings are thus texts that are able to elicit multiple interpretations from its audience. The destabilization of the roles of authors thus extends also to the authors of these cultural texts, musicians. The creation of these new roles for the audience and the artists is a modern phenomenon. The modern age is characterized by the rise of science and technology and it is widely agreed upon that technology has had a great part to play in the way the modern age functions. The technique of sampling is a very good example to prove this point. The technique of sampling makes the ‘primary text’, the original recording, available to the world to twist into any shape that it wants to. Each v ersion or song that features a portion of the original song can then be considered to be an interpretation of the original by the person who creates the new version. As Andrew Goodwin puts it, in â€Å"an age of electronic reproduction†

The future Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The future - Essay Example Thus, my analysis of the future will begin with the likely changes and trends that will emerge in the global society. One country cannot be analyzed in isolation of the larger global community. Geographical and political boundaries are being eradicated by the elimination of trade barriers and rapid integration of capital markets. The world is quickly becoming a global village which facilities the entry of products, services, people, and capital in each country. Alongside is the huge advancement in technology. Technological breakthroughs brought products which are important in promoting efficiency in business operations. These advances ripple to households and individuals in the form of luxury and convenience. I believe that these trends will continue in the future. Furthermore, these factors will have the most significant impact in the personal and family life. The rapid integration of markets in the global community will have a huge effect in my personal life specifically in my career. I know that this development, together with companies' increasing preference of having a more diversified workforce will bring me face to face with people having different cultures. The interaction with these individuals will affect me in more ways that I can imagine. It is irrefutable that a person is shaped by his immediate environment.

Meticulous review of the professional life Essay

Meticulous review of the professional life - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the author’s professional biography is a less formal version of his professional information that would usually appear in his curriculum vitae, and it will highlight some of his interesting facts as well as a little of his personality. Generally, it will give the reader a precise account of who the researcher is, what he does as well as provide his expertise, credibility, experience, and background. All these components will help in developing trust in the author’s professional brand. The researcher’s biography will detail the factors that influenced his decision to become a nurse, his studying experience, his foundational achievements, and the general experience after author’s graduation and how it has affected his life. This will enable him to critically examine his professional needs, weaknesses, and strengths, which will help in correcting any mistakes and improving on his strong areas. The author grew u p in a caring family where all family members took care of each other regardless of their age. Furthermore, all members of his community collaborated in many activities, and the emotional attachment made sure that the author felt other people’s happiness or sadness. Cultural values are the enduring belief systems that a society commits to. The researcher’s culture adopted a collectivistic approach where personal loyalty to the community exceeded individual rights. This entailed that even health decisions were made by the family or the community.... Therefore, I decide to enroll for a nursing course to develop my cultural values and enable me to have the necessary skills to extend similar care and support to those that require it. Nurses must utilize a wide range of communication approaches, both verbal and non-verbal, in acquiring, interpreting and recording the knowledge and in understanding people’s needs. Thus, they must incorporate the beliefs and values in their communication with others. Furthermore, nurses must recognize the anxiety and distress in their patients and respond effectively through therapeutic principles. This ensures promotion of their well-being, management of personal safety and resolution of conflicts. Lastly, a nurse must know when to seek consultation from a third party and when to make referrals for arbitration, mediation, and advocacy (Nursing & Midwifery Council). Since I am a sociable and friendly individual I developed an interest in nursing as it would give me an avenue to interact, know a nd assist people. Saudi Arabia’s first formal nursing training, coordinated by the country’s Ministry of Health and World Health Organization, had male students only and admitted students with at least six years in elementary school for a one-year program. Eventually, with the progress in female education, the training was extended to a three year course and admissions were open to students who had completed nine years in elementary education. Saudi Arabia’s MOH then introduced a post-high school nursing training program alongside the post intermediate nursing training program. The continuous upgrading led to the introduction of Bachelor of Science and Master of Science in Nursing programs (KFSHRC). I enrolled for a

Essay about beethoven Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

About beethoven - Essay Example Not too long after his lessons with Haydn, Beethoven was employed by Prince Lichnowsky, who was more lenient about Beethoven’s musical independence. Between the years of 1792 and 1802, Beethoven began publicly performing his compositions that consisted mainly of keyboard and chamber works. Unfortunately, it was also during this time that Beethoven discovered that he was going deaf. During 1802 to 1812, despite his disadvantage, Beethoven penned some of his most famous compositions, including Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, his most well-known work (Yudkin, pg. 199). Besides this symphony, he also wrote five other symphonies, four concertos, five string quartets, an opera, numerous orchestral overtures, and many other chamber pieces. By 1817, when Beethoven was forty-seven, he was completely deaf. This did not stop him from doing what he did best, though. Indeed, while he was unable to hear anything, Beethoven composed and performed the Ninth Symphony, as well as the last of his piano sonatas. The Ninth Symphony is yet another of his works that has outlived Beethoven, and is considered to be his most complex. Alas, it was in 1827 that Beethoven died of natural

Leading by Example Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Leading by Example - Assignment Example Steve Jobs has not only made Apple to become a leading company in the technology industry but he was a good decision maker. His success and the success of his company have resulted from his ability to make accurate and precise logical decision. For example, his decision to make Apple a family brand has enabled the company to become a market leader in the high-tech industry. I have also admired the leadership style and strategies of Mike Duke the president of Wall-Mart. Although his organization has the highest number of employees, Mike Duke has enabled it to become a leading retail outlet in Europe and America (Kalb, 1993). Other than his leadership strategies, Mike is a motivational leader. He acknowledges that the success of his business lies in the company’s employees. Thus, he has great interests in employee satisfaction strategies. Mike Duke considers the company employees to be his first priority. This has not only enabled him to contribute to the success of the company but it has enabled him to contribute to skill development among his employees. Mike is among the business leaders who consider company employees as assets of the company (CBS,

If someone claims that both the division of knowledge into disciplines Essay

If someone claims that both the division of knowledge into disciplines and the division of the world into countries on a map are artificial, what does this mean - Essay Example What are the processes underlying the compelling desire of human to dissect and divide, are these processes comparable, how has the divides occurred - these perplexing questions have puzzled generations of outstanding scholars, but still remain unanswered. The world is multi-dimensional with numerous natural boundaries: mountains and rivers, deserts and forests, fields and lakes, plateaus and slumps compose a unique and highly diverse image of the Earth. These natural boundaries have provided mankind with references points allowing people to move from one point to another, travel, hunt, explore the remote areas always using these natural points to return to the native places and family. Evidently, these natural boundaries have played - and continue to play - an essential role in shaping human civilisation, as we know it, but they have failed to fully satisfy the needs of human society. The artificial boundaries dividing the nations and communities have been created artificially to address these implicit needs. Knowledge does not have a clear defined surface area or natural boundaries; its abstract nature makes it barely possible to calculate or quantify it; senses and measurements do not provide the appropriate tools to divide it. Nonetheless, mankind has also felt the need to divide it into several areas. Perhaps one of the key objectives of such divide was the desire to establish the missing reference points in order to facilitate navigation from one place to another: the artificial boundaries within the body of knowledge were intended to perform the same function the natural boundaries in the physical world played. However, even if that the factors/reasons underlying division of the physical world and the abstract realm of knowledge are similar, the implications and nature of the boundaries are likely to differ signification. Although the geographical boundaries and the divide between different areas of knowledge have been drawn by human, the nature of the boundaries is non-comparable due to several reasons. Firstly, the geographical boundaries, by definition, do not allow for free crossing; knowledge does not imply this sine qua non condition. Secondly, the nature of knowledge is complex, dynamic, and multifaceted: it is not approachable with mere senses or mere thinking; it is rather a process which gets even richer when the separated areas overlap. The ongoing debate about the definition and elements of knowledge1 vividly illustrates why comparing the abstract and physical boundaries lacks credibility and is probably doomed to failure. Furthermore, even the origins of knowledge are not known either: epistemology or theory of knowledge, the branch of philosophy that explores the origins and sources of knowledge, the assumptions upon which knowledge is based, and what we 'can know' and 'do know' fails to provide a clear and exhaustive answer to this question2. The origins of modern epistemological debate can be traced back to the past philosophers. The famous Cartesian mind/body duality introduced by famous philosopher and mathematician Rene Descartes divorced body from mind and thinking from sensing.

Project Management - Teams, Leadership, & Negotiation [sap5] Essay

Project Management - Teams, Leadership, & Negotiation [sap5] - Essay Example Project teams develop plans required for scheduling activities, estimating costs and making decisions on resources of work to be accomplished. Project teams revise plans of every project phase in its life cycle. These constitute people and other resources needed in executing various plans. It provides services, products and the results of the project. For instance, implementing processes take into account development of project teams, managing and directing project team, carrying out quality assurance, selecting sellers and distributing information. Project progress is measured and monitored so that project teams meet the desired objectives. The staff and project manager determines progress against plans through taking corrective action. This phase includes performance reporting, where stakeholders identify significant changes keeping the project on track. The project is formally accepted and administrative activities such as project files archiving, contracts closure, documenting of lessons learned and receipt of formal acceptance of work delivered and

Biography of Annointed Gifts Essay Example for Free

Biography of Annointed Gifts Essay Annointed Gifts was established in September of 2006 by Rev. Dr. Johnnie E. Jordan Sr. Through Pastor Jordans’ vision he brought forth six anointed young men to spread the word of God through their musical talent of playing instruments, and their special talent of vocals. Minister Nelton Shorter Jr. (Jay-Jay) who is the minister of music at his home church Union Second Baptist been playing keyboard, singing gospel( songwriting) for over twenty years. Davell Davis (Ace) who is the minister of music at his home church Rising Star C. O.G.I.C. been playing keyboard and singing(songwriting) gospel for over fifteen years. Christopher Jordan has been playing drums, singing(songwriting ), for the lord under the leadership of his father and pastor of Greater Mt. Olive M.B.C. for over twentyfive years. Paul Washington plays lead guitar at Greater Mt. Olive M.B.C. and has been playing singing(songwriting) Gospel for over thirty years. Clarence Trotter received his calling at an early age. He has been playing bass guitar singing(songwriting) Gospel for over twenty years. Marvin Jordan began to get involved as an audio technician and sound check person at Greater Mt. Olive M.B.C. in 1986. He has over twenty years of experience in audio engineering In the short time that Annointed Gifts been together, they have been fortunate blessed to perform with some of the big names of gospel quartet. They performed with The Williams Brothers, The Mighty Clouds of Joy at The Detroit Opera House .They also performed out of state as well as all over the Michigan area with some of gospel greats such as Doc McKenzie The Hi-Lites,The Pilgrim Jubilees,Keith Wonderboy Johnson, Dewayne Watkins former member of Canton Spirituals, Park Stewart former member of Commission, Darius Twyman , George Dean The Gospel Four, Evelyne Turrtine’ Agee and even received great reviews from the Legendary Spanky. Annointed Gifts is truly a blessing from heaven abling them to pass on Gods’ message through song and praises.

This Experiment Marcet Boiler Engineering Essay

This Experiment Marcet Boiler Engineering Essay In This experiment a Marcet boiler was used to conduct the relationship between a saturated pressure and temperature of water in the range of 0-14 bar indicating in the gauge and also to determine the temperature of a body when being heated or cooled. When the temperature increases pressure also increases in this case the relationship between pressure and temperature is directly proportional. Assumption was made that the temperature is uniform throughout the boiler and the outside surface temperature of the boiler is the same as the steam temperature. Theoretically, the values from the steam table should almost be the same with the recorded values. In this case, if the values are not the same then this is due to error that was made in the experiment. The experiment was performed carefully and all procedure was followed to get accurate result. First of all the startup procedure is to fill water in Marcet boiler and the water level is half of the boilers height. Then the supply switch was turned on. It is important to remove the air in the boiler in this case the valve would be open from the start up of the experiment When the temperature increases to 100Â °C, the steam is allowed to come out from the valve for few seconds and close the valve. Record the steam temperature and pressure reaches 14 bars. Introduction Thermodynamics is the study of heat and in relation in other form of work and energy between a system and its surrounding; in this case the property in the system will change. Generally ideal gas obeys the equation of state which is showed below. PV= When energy is increased in the water .the molecules in the water that is increasing will enable the molecules to escape from the surface until it is in equilibrium (boiling point). The state of equilibrium depends on the pressure in the surface of the water. When the pressure is low it is easier for the molecules to leave the water with less energy. The Marcet boiler is used to investigate the relationship pressure and temperature in saturated steam for comparison with the steam table .the experiment slope (dT/dp) is obtained water at saturated temperature Theory The Marcet boiler is used to investigate the between pressure and temperature of saturated steam, in equilibrium with water, at all pressures between atmospheric and a 14bar An ideal gas can be characterized by three state variables: absolute pressure (P), volume (V), and absolute temperature (T). The relationship between them may be deduced from kinetic theory and is called the Ideal Gas law. The ideal gas law was originally determined empirically and is simply. and hf + hfg = hg Æ’Å ¾ hf as vg >> vf In which, vf = specific volume of saturated liquid vg = specific volume of saturated vapor hf = enthalpy of saturated liquid hg = enthalpy of saturated vapor hfg = latent heat of vaporization Equipment Procedure Fill up water half the height of the boiler Ensure the valve is opened Connect the boiler to the electrical switch The boiler is heated up to 100Â °c and the steam will come out of the open valve Close the valve after 1 minutes to ensure that the air in the boiler is out and continues heating When the pressure start rising , start the stop watch Record all the temperature readings at different pressure with time Pressure must not exceed 14 bar Discussion The theory can be compared with the experiment where pressure and temperature are directly proportional to each other When a water is heated in a container to a boiling point the tempreture increases and presussre also increase in the case where the steam is closed in a cylinder, Their will be internal pressure in the container and also internal forces. it is shown in the graph that tempreture is relatively proportional to pressure In the table error was zero because the decreasing tempreture of the boiler was not noted down therefore erro is unknown . assuming the decreasing tempreture is considered the the error percentage would now exceed 10% because the experiment was done in a closed system so no amount of volume will escape It was important to remove the air from the boiler to avoid flaws of readings . Marcet boiler is used in plant steam industries, power plant, cooking utensil and so on Conclusion in the experiment, it shows from the table and theory that temperature and pressure is relatively proportional in balance with water Disgracing some negligible faults, this experiment can be consider successful, to improve the result of the experiment, it should be carried out at room temperature switching off all the air-conditions, and also by repeating the experiment and taking the average value. If some insulation were kept on theMarcet boiler to reduce heat loss, the experiment could be more accurate

Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply :: Economics

Topic 12: Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply ----------------------------------------------- 1. Introduction 2. Three Key Facts about Economic Fluctuations 2.1 Fact 1: Economics Fluctuations are Irregular and Unpredictable 2.2 Fact 2: Most Macroeconomic Quantities Fluctuate Together 2.3 Fact 3: As Output Falls, Unemployment Rises 3. Explaining Short-Run Economic Fluctuations 3.1 How the Short Run Differs from the Long Run 3.2 The Basic Model of Economic Fluctuations 4. The Aggregate Demand Curve 4.1 Why the Aggregate Demand Curve Slopes Downwards 4.2 Why the Aggregate Demand Curve May Shift 5. The Aggregate Supply Curve 5.1 Why the Aggregate Supply Curve is Vertical in the Long Run 5.2 Why the Aggregate Supply Curve May Shift 5.3 A New Way to Depict Long Run Growth and Inflation 5.4 Why the Aggregate Supply Curve Slopes Upward in the Short Run 5.5 Why the Short Run Aggregate Supply Curve May Shift 6. Two Causes of Economic Fluctuations 6.1 The Effects of a Shift in Aggregate Demand 6.2 The Effects of a Shift in Aggregate Supply 7. Summary 2. Three Key Facts about Economic Fluctuations Economic activity fluctuates from year to year. ----------------------------------------------- In most years production of goods and services rises. On average over the past 50 years, production in the U.S. economy has grown by about 3 percent per year. In some years normal growth does not occur, causing a recession. - A recession is a period of declining real GDP, falling incomes, and rising unemployment. - A depression is a severe recession. 2.1 Fact 1: Economic Fluctuations are Irregular and Unpredictable - Economic fluctuations are irregular and unpredictable. - Fluctuations in the economy are often called the business cycle. 2.2 Fact 2: Most macroeconomic variables fluctuate together  · Most macroeconomic variables that measure some type of income or production fluctuate closely together.  · Although many macroeconomic variables fluctuate together, they fluctuate by different amounts. 2.3 Fact 3: As output falls, unemployment rises - Changes in real GDP are inversely related to changes in the unemployment rate. - During times of recession, unemployment rises substantially. 3. Explaining Short Run Economic Fluctuations - Most economists believe that classical theory describes the world in the long run but not in the short run. 3.1 How the Short Run Differs from the Long Run - Changes in the money supply affect nominal variables but not real variables in the long run. - The assumption of monetary neutrality is not appropriate when studying year-to-year changes in the economy. 3.2 The Basic Model of Economic Fluctuations ============================================ Two variables are used to develop a model to analyze the short-run fluctuations: - The economy’s output of goods and services measured by real GDP.

The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay Essay -- Amazing Adventures

The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay is a story of defiance, of successfully breaking and escaping the oppressive mores of society with skill and tenacity, and an embodiment the novelistic tradition of disregard for the monolithic structure on which our world is based. The book is set up around the theme of â€Å"the carnivalesque†, and shows how this rebel attitude can be taken up like a mantel, so a character can make change and find happiness in an oppressive world. These characters come to realize that the carnivalesque is the true way to live, and it is only when they wear the mantle full time that they find satisfaction in their life. In the German occupied Prague, the Jews have been earmarked for hardship and extinction at the hands of the Nazis. Joseph Kavalier, a young man of a bohemian Jewish family, spent his youth under the tutelage of a great escape artist. Fascinated with slight of hand tricks, stealth, and lock picking, Joseph is taught all manner of clandestine skills. It is with these abilities, that he is able to revel in the carnivalesque and escape where others are constrained by their insistence on following the rules. The great protector of the Jews is the golem of Prague from ancient myth, a fantastic example of the Carnivalesque in the form of a Cabalic defiance of power. With the knowledge of how to activate the Golem lost to time, the secret society charged with protecting it must smuggle their massive charge out of Prague before the Nazis discover its location. Young Joseph, already hoodwinked by a bribed Nazi emigration offical, sees in the Golem his opportunity to escape. With the Golem dressed in an enormous suit and posed as a dead... ...tions that determine the structure and order of ordinary . . . life are suspended . . ." (Kohl) Oppressed as he is, Joe fails to embrace the carnivalesque and so fail his family and his love ones. Only by escaping his place in the order and suspending the rules can he manage to make change. As you can see, the Carnivalesque is key to these characters. Though Sam finds that by putting on the cloak of the Carnival, he finds satisfaction, Joe, despite his excellent talents, fails to make the final leap of logic in time to make meaningful change. His family dies and he goes without his loved ones for years because of his failure to take up the mantle of the Carnivalesque. It is not until he returns, soiled as his repuation is, to his old love and son, where their strange new family unit is questioned and mocked by the world, that he finally finds his satisfaction. The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay Essay -- Amazing Adventures The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay is a story of defiance, of successfully breaking and escaping the oppressive mores of society with skill and tenacity, and an embodiment the novelistic tradition of disregard for the monolithic structure on which our world is based. The book is set up around the theme of â€Å"the carnivalesque†, and shows how this rebel attitude can be taken up like a mantel, so a character can make change and find happiness in an oppressive world. These characters come to realize that the carnivalesque is the true way to live, and it is only when they wear the mantle full time that they find satisfaction in their life. In the German occupied Prague, the Jews have been earmarked for hardship and extinction at the hands of the Nazis. Joseph Kavalier, a young man of a bohemian Jewish family, spent his youth under the tutelage of a great escape artist. Fascinated with slight of hand tricks, stealth, and lock picking, Joseph is taught all manner of clandestine skills. It is with these abilities, that he is able to revel in the carnivalesque and escape where others are constrained by their insistence on following the rules. The great protector of the Jews is the golem of Prague from ancient myth, a fantastic example of the Carnivalesque in the form of a Cabalic defiance of power. With the knowledge of how to activate the Golem lost to time, the secret society charged with protecting it must smuggle their massive charge out of Prague before the Nazis discover its location. Young Joseph, already hoodwinked by a bribed Nazi emigration offical, sees in the Golem his opportunity to escape. With the Golem dressed in an enormous suit and posed as a dead... ...tions that determine the structure and order of ordinary . . . life are suspended . . ." (Kohl) Oppressed as he is, Joe fails to embrace the carnivalesque and so fail his family and his love ones. Only by escaping his place in the order and suspending the rules can he manage to make change. As you can see, the Carnivalesque is key to these characters. Though Sam finds that by putting on the cloak of the Carnival, he finds satisfaction, Joe, despite his excellent talents, fails to make the final leap of logic in time to make meaningful change. His family dies and he goes without his loved ones for years because of his failure to take up the mantle of the Carnivalesque. It is not until he returns, soiled as his repuation is, to his old love and son, where their strange new family unit is questioned and mocked by the world, that he finally finds his satisfaction.

Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown †Poverty in the Tale and in the Life o

â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† – the Poverty in the Tale and in the Life of the Author  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   Henry Seidel Canby in â€Å"A Skeptic Incompatible with His Time and His Past† mentions of Hawthorne that â€Å"human failures and their causes were more interesting to him than prophecies of success, one might truly say than success itself. †¦He was not, I think, really interested in escape, except in moods of financial discouragement. . . . (57). Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† embodies traits of the modest lifestyle which the author had to subject himself to because of inadequate finances through most of his life. In addition to the monetary impoverishment there was an additional artistic impoverishment which sorely restricted the materials from which he could choose for his literary works.    Hawthorne’s financial impoverishment probably began with the untimely death of his father, and continued for most of his life. Gloria C. Erlich in â€Å"The Divided Artist and His Uncles† states that â€Å"Robert Manning made the essential decisions in the lives of the Hawthorne children and is well known as the uncle who sent Hawthorne to college† (35). After graduation from Bowdoin College, Hawthorne spent twelve years in his room at home in an intense effort to make something of himself literarily. The Norton Anthology: American Literature states:    Hawthorne’s years between 1825 and 1837 have fascinated his biographers and critics. Hawthorne himself took pains to propogate the notion that he had lived as a hermit who left his upstairs room only for nighttime walks and hardly communicated even with his mother and sisters (547).    Sculley Bradley, Richmond Croom Beatty and E. Hudson Long in â€Å"The Social Criticism of a Public Man... ... Press, 1996.    Erlich, Gloria C. â€Å"The Divided Artist and His Uncles.† In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1996.    Hawthorne, Nathaniel. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown.† 1835. http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~daniel/amlit/goodman/goodmantext.html    James, Henry. Hawthorne. http://eldred.ne.mediaone.net/nh/nhhj1.html    Lewis, R. W. B. â€Å"The Return into Time: Hawthorne.† In Hawthorne – A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by A.N. Kaul. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966.      Ã¢â‚¬Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne.† The Norton Anthology: American Literature, edited by Baym et al.   New York: W.W. Norton and Co., 1995.    Swisher, Clarice. â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne: a Biography.† In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1996.      

Morality & Social Justice-Rubric for Essay Essay

Seven influential moral thinkers hammered just war tradition which has been distilled into seven principles where five of the principles judge whether a decision to go to war is actually justifiable while the other two are a guide to just conduct in waging a war. The principles of a just war include: legitimate authority, just cause, just intent, last resort, reasonable chance of success, principle of discrimination and the principle of proportionality. The Spanish and Portuguese were not justified to go to war with the Guarani but the Guarani were justified to war with the Portuguese and the Spanish. Subjecting the Portuguese and the Spanish to the seven principles of a just war they were not justified to go to war. The first principle which requires that before a war is started, it must be declared by a legally recognized authority which in most cases is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces while in United states it the Congress was not met by the Spanish and Portuguese soldiers. The soldier according to Alves were sent to relocate the Guarani but when they resisted they resorted to military action where many natives were killed and other were taken as slaves without the order of the legal authorities of the two nations (4). Before going to war with the Guarani the just war principles demand that Spanish and Portuguese leaders and soldiers were to seek an order from the commander-in-chief of the armed forces of their respective countries before waging a war with the natives which they did not do. The second principle of a just war that requires that a war should not be started on the basis of expanding a territory or national pride but only for a just cause like resistance to aggression by means of threat of attack or attack was not met either by the Portuguese and the Spanish in fighting the Guarani people. They instead invaded the people with an aim to relocate them to take them as slaves but when the Guarani resisted they started war with them thereby breaching the just cause (Alves 4). Another principle require that before starting a war the aims of the war should be just and limited which should be restoring justice and peace and not vengeance. The Spanish and the Portuguese breached this principle as well since their intention was not to restore peace or justice among the Guarani people. They waged the war out of their own selfish gain because the natives were living peacefully before. Their interest was the land of the Guarani and to enslave them as well. It was not the last resort for the Portuguese and the Spanish to start war with the Guarani people. The principles requires that all other means should be used to resolve dispute between contending parties and that the means must have been tried and found to fail before going to war. In the situation of the Portuguese, Spanish and the Guarani people there was no dispute in the first place. It is the Spanish and Portuguese that were determined to take the land that belonged to the natives and to take them as slaves and even after the natives resisted their effort they never used any other means to resolve the dispute but war. There should be reasonable chance of success before starting a war which the Portuguese and the Spanish did not take to consideration. The principle requires that the situation should be accessed to ascertain if there is a possibility of success before initiating or continuing a war. They never considered this fact and that is the reason why the war continued for several decades and they were eventually defeated (Elves 6). Another principle of a just war tradition that the Portuguese and Spanish violated is the principle of civilian immunity or honor of noncombatant where the noncombatants are not targeted to avoid civilian deaths. It also requires that prisoners captured should be treated humanely and that military forces desist from rapes, massacres, looting and other atrocities. This was not the case in the wars of the Guarani where all sorts of atrocities were committed against the people since children, women and men alike were taken captives and were not treated humanely. The principle of proportionality which requires that the harm to be caused by a war must not exceed the good the war can accomplish. Before the Europeans invaded the natives they were living peacefully in their land but after they attacked them they were left with sorrows since some died, others were enslaved, property destroyed and families disunited forever. It therefore goes without saying that the Spanish and the Portuguese caused several harm and zero good to the Guarani which is against this principle of just war. The Portuguese and the Spanish were not justified to initiate and continue the war with the Guarani after being subjected to the seven principles of a just war tradition. In all the instances they went contrary to the principles. They were not interested in the plight of the people or the outcome of the war but their own selfish gains. Works Cited Alves, Wesley. The Mission. 2007. 3 May 2010 http://people. bu. edu/wwildman/WeirdWildWeb/courses/thth/projects/thth_projects_2007wesley_alves. pdf

Frankenstein’s Romanticism Essay

Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley, comprises and exemplifies many signature Romantic tropes. Though Shelley may integrate gothic elements into her story, the core of the novel is one of genuine and heartfelt Romanticism. Almost all Romantic ideals are overtly present and entrenched in the narrative so thoroughly that Frankenstein cannot be said to be anything but an adherent of the Romantic genre. Among these Romantic codes are the Romantic ideal of creating â€Å"something† from nothing, the use of nature as a striking and influential force, and the Romantic reverence for the consecrated cycle of life and death. Among the ideals most valued and sought after in the Romantic community was the idea of true stimulation, delved from one’s own imagination and brilliance. This is why the Romantics were among the first to speak out against replicating the works of others, stating that the most beautiful art is that which was â€Å"created from nothing†. In this sagacity, Victor Frankenstein was a true Romantic; his goal of â€Å"bestowing animation upon lifeless matter† (p. 48) is the epitome of creation from oblivion. Furthermore, his desire to do as no others have done before, breaking new ground with lofty and seemingly unfeasible objectives was one thing Romantics took pride in. The success of Victor Frankenstein’s creation mirrors Mary Shelley’s credence that, with ample determination, even the ostensibly impossible can be accomplished. One of the themes most concomitant with Romantic works is the clout and beauty of nature. When Frankenstein’s monster, lonely and abandoned, takes to the forest in an effort to track down his creator, he finds solace only in the beauty of the first of spring, claiming that he â€Å"felt emotions of gentleness and pleasure that had long appeared dead, revive within† (p. 148). This Romantic notion of nature’s altruism and spiritual healing capabilities is juxtaposed by an alternative idea tantamount with Romantics: the pure power of the natural world. As a child, Victor Frankenstein is flabbergasted by the way that lightning exenterates a large oak tree, claiming that he had never â€Å"beheld anything so completely and utterly destroyed† (p. 32). The obliteration not only indicates the power of nature, but also foreshadows Frankenstein’s creation of the monster further in the novel. This idea of Victor Frankenstein as a Romantic may lead one to ask the question, â€Å"Why, then, did the Romantic ideals turn out so poorly in this Romantic’ novel? † The answer is this: Frankenstein broke a fundamental rule of Romanticism; he attempted to disturb the sacrosanct cycle of life and death. He created the monster in an attempt to one day â€Å"Renew life where death had apparently devoted the body to corruption. † (p. 48), however, in the eyes of a pious Romantic, this would be an atrocity and insult to God in accordance with Romantic devotion for all things natural, including death. Because of this insolence for Romantic beliefs, Victor Frankenstein was mandated to pay the ultimate price. Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein can, and should, be considered a true Romantic novel. Though some of the plot and setting may have been cadged from Gothic literature, the morals and principles of the book find their place with Romanticism. From intrinsic respect of all things natural, to the omnipotence of human creation and imagination, Frankenstein embodies the Romantic spirit almost immaculately.

A Study on How Contents can be distributed through

With these technologies, there is a greater opportunity for students to participate and collaborate with each other. Aside from its portability mobile devices such as smartness and tablets are more reasonably priced than desktops and laptops. Mobile devices are different from laptop or desktop computers. Mobile devices are small, portable and compact. They can often fit In a pocket or purse. Unlike laptop computers, which are expensive and heavy, mobile devices are relatively low cost, lightweight, and some work a very long mime on a charge or a couple of standard disposable or rechargeable batteries.Mobile devices are also the easiest method of accessing the internet. Most mobile devices are wife ready and can easily connect to any wife routers available in the area. Many mobile devices can, in effect, be â€Å"filled up† with hours upon hours of training and require no connection to a network, wireless or otherwise, until the time comes to replace old training content with f resh content, or to upload the results of assessments to a learning management system capable of tracking mobile learners.In many training situations, the learning experience for the student is largely unaffected by the way the mobile device accesses Information, wireless or otherwise. Rather, what differentiates m-learning from learning Is the nature of the mobile device Itself (Hanukkah & Prelacy 2003). In communication theory, the researcher wants to focus on the elements that can Influence the quality of the message through different kind of media.There are two major aspects that can affect the message; the physical delivery of the content such as network or phone lines and the impression of the message (Miracle, 2005) Architectural Design Extensible Markup Language (XML) coded-data can be converted into other structured formats in a common architecture for multi-channel delivery systems for m-learning such as Extensible HyperText Markup Language (XHTML), Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language (SMILE), Portable Document Format (PDF), etc. XML coded-data Is adapted to the capabilities of the requesting device via appropriate transformation processes.Thus such a model of multi channel delivery systems enables the adaptation of learning content to device, desired level of details of intent and semantic aspects. The model proves some remarkable advantages. Definition (DAD). The XML approach allows the definition of transformation processes (e. G. Using the XML transformation language XSLT, SOLO, or the XML query language Query). Such transformations enable easy adaptation of learning content to given requirements. Transformation processes enable real-time delivery as well as delivery of online content.Real-time delivery is used for online access to the content, where a quick adaptation to learners' requirements is requested. Most experts still prefer eating on a printed material because researches show that learning online significantly reduces learning efficiency and speeds up fatigues of the learners. That is, when the online content are the traditional printed scripts. Nowadays, there are already available educational APS and widgets that can be utilize by the students. These APS and widgets are interactive in nature with potential animations, video and audio.Display Lectures in the Mobile The researcher's approach in transforming the existing workstation-based display lectures to mobile devices is based on using an open generic specification language. Given the multimedia content of online lectures, SMILE 2. 0 was used. It is an XML based language for describing rich time-based multimedia content (WAC 2001). By building a converter from the current online lectures to SMILE the researcher was able to: (1) make use of the current set of software tools for generating online lecture scripts and related medias; (2) produce output that can be delivered to any device that supports a SMILE 2. Player; (3) potentially integrate materials from other sources, such as Microsoft Powering, Macromedia Flash, etc In contrast to the display structures in the mobile that require a workstation or laptop, an m-learning lecture is executed as a SMILE script via a SMILE. O player running on a smartened device. The script â€Å"choreographs† the presentation of full screen slides and their animated overlays (stored in GIF, JEEP or BUMP formats) with music and viceroy (stored in either MPH or WAVE formats).Control of the lecture presentation is handled via a set of small iconic buttons in a narrow â€Å"bar† at the top of the display. The navigation buttons currently available are: â€Å"move forward a slide†, â€Å"move back a slide†, â€Å"play the rent slide†, and â€Å"go to the slide index†. Additionally, a search system runs in parallel with the Pocket SMILE player and enables a user to search for text occurrences in the viceroy. The search system returns references to the slides, a nd animation sequences within the slides, where the queried text occurs (Smitten & Crimson, 2007).Figure 1: The lectures display in mobile system architecture Figure 1 shows that lectures are converted taking as input the original script files with the different medial elements such as images, audio, video, and texts The converter automatically detects and extracts slide titles and includes them in a slide index file; this is used to provide a â€Å"table of contents† for that lecture. The transcript of the viceroy text is scanned to create an index of terms for the search system; in building the index the converter removes punctuation marks, removes some stop words, and then applies stemming.The original script file is then converted to a Compatibles script file suitable for display on a handheld computer. During this process, the slide and images are rotated and the audio files converted to MPH from the original uncompressed BIFF format. The MPH files require about one eigh th of the storage is about half the time it takes to present in the lecture theatre (with no audience participation). A live lecture that fills a one (1) hour lecture slot, occupies about 12 megabytes of handheld storage (Shares, 2007).Multiplicand service: the proposed system The proposed system illustrates how content can be distributed through a multi channel service. A channel is defined as an architecture that can carry content to a device through specific interaction software. Following channels have been investigated in this discussion [8, 9, 10]: Mobile phones using the WOMB markup engage ; Laptops using the HTML markup language ; tablets using the SMILE markup language the application description for system illustrates in figure (2), the access to the application is made by two stages, client and proxy, each one with different functionalities.The researcher made assumptions and limitations. The research does not focus on the XML vocabulary used to store the content and the storage architecture. It does not focus on design and layout of the web page, but the underlying technology. Also, the multiplicand service has support for browsers that handle the following markup engages such as HTML, SMILE and WOMB. The researcher assumes that the Quality of Service (So) is ideal, in order to reach device adaptation, it is needed to build interface related ontology, and the ontology based automatic adaptation is discussed.The client can be PDA or PC, and the server can distinguish the different kinds of access devices. With the content control technology such as C/UP protocol, the server gets the device and browser features and returns back the proper interface presentation. Experimental Test for Multiplicand System On the client side, three types of wireless devices were used. First is the Samsung galaxy ace smart phone. It uses smart telecoms service that provides a maximum 13 Kbps transfer rate. The second one is Macomb pro laptop core 17 with 2. 2 GHz process or, 8 KGB RAM a 802. Leg compatible wireless card to connect to the access point in the lab. The connection rate was at 11 Mbps. This is considered to be a high end device. The third one is the Samsung galaxy tab and uses the same network adaptor and network connection as the laptop but with less computation power and memory. The proxy server is programmed and runs as a workstation. The proxy code includes several modules as a normal proxy server does. They are a server side module, responsible for setting up a connection with the web server; a client side module, in charge of the connection with clients; a cache management module; and a BPML parser.The web server used is Google. Com . The HTML page of Google. Com is less than k and rarely change, as in figure (2) above, three cases are designed to download a portion of the web page to the client, which is about kick size. In the remote case the page is downloaded from the origin site. The client sends out a quest, then the proxy re lays the request to the origin site, having received the client, the pages of the web sites were transferred on to the proxy server's local disk, and inserted some pairs of tags into the origin pages.Upon the user's request, the parts marked with are extracted and sent back to the client, and the cached case, an extracted copy of the web site, is transferred on to the proxy. When the user's request arrived, the copy was sent out immediately. Figure (3) shows the total time measured between the user's sending out the request and receiving the desired page. The performances of cached and extracted cases are very similar, whereas the remote case has two or three orders of magnitude of larger retrieving time. Each node represents the average time collected from 7 runs in the day of the test.According to the experimental results, the average time to process a cache hit is about ms, to fragment a k Google. Com home page is about ms, and to download it from the web is approximately mass. T he mass is due its relatively long expiration time, which results from pages downloaded from nearby proxy servers. The first observation is that to fragment a page on the local cache server is such faster than retrieving it. Conclusion The primary focus of this research is to find out the threshold of network speed that can significantly offset the benefits of our approaches on a wireless network based on our experiments.The successful implementation of programs in this research is to build learning content and distribute it through multinational to different users, those programs were tested successfully in transmission and reception of educational contents, the use of handheld devices can provide new opportunities for learning and communicating in local environment. In comparison with local developing steps towards m learning using local applications may consider as a step forward.Live video is one of the most challenging media type, today, wired devices can provide a reasonable q uality but with the presence of video converters, mobile devices can also provide quality video lectures already. The different combinations of media types require more of the underlying networks; such combinations will probably have diverse requirements to delay, bandwidth, and Jitter for maximum performance. Because of different device capabilities, an adaptation of the content ND the presentation is needed before it can be presented to the user.

First Opium War Essay

In 1899, right after the First Opium War, China was under the control of European powers and Japan, Qing Dynasty was so weak that hardly could defeat these powers. Each of these powers found out that China was a country which owned variety of resource. Therefore, all of them wanted to trade with China to earn more benefit and robbed various parts of coastal places, unfold Chinese territorial and Administrative integrity and would not interfere with the free use of the treaty ports within their spheres of inference in China. John Hay, the private secretary to Abraham Lincoln, the person who proposed the Open Door Policy. At that time, the United States was just finished the invasion of Philippine with Spanish and turned to China. They also had great interest in China and found out that China was the biggest market in the whole world. The Open Door Policy was declared base on this situation. Hay said,â€Å"Earnestly desirous to remove any cause of irritation and to ensure at the same time to the commerce of all nations in China†¦shall enjoy perfect equality of treatment for their commerce and navigation within such spheres.† The purpose of writing the document was to reduce the power countries had gained from their spheres of influence. The United States had no spheres of influence in China because it had just recently taken interest in Asia. Therefore, John Hay sought to prevent other countries from having more power than the United States. Each power claimed exclusive privileges of investment, and other powers seek to monopolize the trade as well. As the Open Door Policy took into action, each power should have to follow the rule 1. Each great power should maintain free access to a treaty port or to any other vested interest within its sphere. 2. Only the Chinese government should collect taxes on trade. 3. No great power having a sphere should be granted exemptions from paying harbor dues or railroad charges. This policy which showed above has obviously changed both China and the United States. From the United States, they found the biggest market in the whole world which is China. Before America was unable to trade with China and didn’t have time to care about China. No later than they defeated Spain in Philippine. They turned their sight to China, a huge market for trade which had been untapped and allowed America to gain a financial foothold in China. This decision can give them earn the most benefit. United States became China’s largest partner. Therefore, although the tax they need to pay was as the same as all the other powers, they occupied the most market of China, which means they were the largest earner between China and European power. By the way, it was the first time for the United States to expend their market to Asia. It has laid a good foundation for the commercial intercourse between America and China several decades later. On the other hand, this policy has changed China a lot, even much more than America. During that period China was nominally controlled by Qing Dynasty, but actually almost half land of China was invaded by foreign country and divided by France, German, British, Italy, Russia, Japan, and the United States, we call these eight countries as Eight-Power Alliance. Anyway, China was a country with half colonization and half feudalism. Each power was interested in the huge benefit in China. But they all had a fear with others. None of them dared to become the first. As the Open Door Policy proposed by America, the entire problem has been solved. Everyone got the same right to trade with China and had to pay the tax. It looks like everyone received what they want except China. However, just the opposite, China has occupied a huge change during this period. First, it has increased the trade of China and help to develop the economics of China. After the First Opium War, that was the weakest period of China. Drug has poisoned this huge country suffer from paining. Open Door Policy gave China a chance to develop them. Second, this policy gave China to advocate an impartial system of taxation set up a system of equal trading rights, which also helped to prevent European Power and Japan divided China into separate colonies, also intended to lower taxes and gave America an equal chance to trade with China. Third, the United States was the biggest partner effectively stopped countries from colonizing China; this helped to keep China a united, sovereign nation. In recent years, China has developed much faster than before. In 1978, the president Deng Xiaoping took office, China formally cooperated with America. It can be said as America helped to increase China’s economic. The development of trade gives both China and America pretty much benefit. Finally, the Open Door Policy is the most important policy during the whole that period. Without that policy, maybe China would be divided into several parts. Open Door Policy give America more benefit, but actually the biggest earner is China.

Diversity in learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Diversity in learning - Essay Example Bilingualism can be a virtue of growing up while using and learning two languages simultaneously. Argumentatively, human beings can naturally acquire bilingualism. The acquisition of an additional language is sequential bilingualism. Therefore, interpretation of bilingualism is subjective to individual definitions. Bilingualism encompasses a significant amount of contexts and proficiency. In children, bilingualism may restrict the use of the first language for familial and domestic purposes. English language is mostly a second language with the highest preference for communication in official environments and outside home. Sequential bilingual learning is similar to learning of a first language. The newly acquired language must be appropriate and accurate. The language learning processes are similar and have differences too. For instance, bilingual learners approach learning additional language with a background linguistic system, rules and structure. Additionally, the process of learning a second language starts at different ages and not from birth. Therefore, it involves different strategies for acquisition of the same. Linguistic differences and primarily low proficiency in English is a cause of low academic achievement. Argumentatively, the statement is plausible as it implicates English medium for learning by students with limited comprehension of the language. The students with poor mastery of the teaching language have problems with instructions and expression as well. Cultural difference also affects a student’s social life. In a case where the student cannot interact with colleagues, feeling of loneliness ensues. Moreover, solitude forms a fundamental foundation in acquisition of fear and low self-esteem (Meisel, 2013 p. 397). The manifestation of personal feelings is observable in withdrawal from extra-curriculum activities and poor participation in class work. For instance, bilingual students that are composed rarely do not ask questions

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Economics - Essay Example An economic cycle comprises several phases viz. recession, recovery and boom. In the recovery phase, individuals and businesses borrow and invest more causing the aggregate demand to rise up which leads to boom or expansionary pressures in the economy. This boom brings with it problems like inflation and high imports etc. In such a situation, the government needs to take some action through various macroeconomic policies for the purpose of stabilisation of economy. Thus, the recessionary pressures enter the economy characterised by weak investment and business slow down (Smith, 2003). The economy displays several peaks and troughs over a cyclical phase (see Fig 1). The responsibility of government to stabilise the economy leads it to make use of various macroeconomic policies in order to manage the cyclical economic fluctuations. As an advisor to the government, I would like to recommend the use of monetary and fiscal policies for the purpose of curtailing cyclical fluctuations. Macroeconomic policies like monetary and fiscal policies can be utilised by government to control economic fluctuations. Macroeconomic factors like taxation and government spending fall within the realm of fiscal policy whereas inflation, interest rates, exchange rates and other monetary factors are relevant to the monetary policy. Government can control economy by fluctuating interest rates, exchange rates, and the growth of money and credit in the economy (Smith, 2003). Most particularly, changing interest rates on the part of the government affects inflation, supply of money and credit, exchange rates, foreign and domestic investment and business expansions etc. All these factors put a great impact on the cyclical pressures in the economy. Monetary policy can be utilised in two dimensions under cyclical fluctuations in business. In the case of expansionary pressures or boom in the economy, the

A mix CD with Songs that Inspire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

A mix CD with Songs that Inspire - Essay Example It also received a Golden Satellite Award nomination for â€Å"Best original Song in a Motion Picture†. It was nominated for the 2000 Grammy Award for â€Å"Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals†, losing to â€Å"I Still Have That Other girl† by Burt Bacharach and Elvis Costello. One of the features of the song is when Carey and Whitney Houston sing a section of the song in thirds; they have done this and still kept in tune. The lyrics of When You Believe consist of ten stanzas starting with a painful and seemingly hopeless situation gradually evolving into a more favorable one. The persona (who can be practically anyone) can begin to hope and believe in himself, thus enabling him to achieve. The first stanza goes thus: The speaker accepts that the fertile ground for miracles to happen is the presence of hope which is frail, yet hard to obliterate. He firmly states that when one believes, success is just around the corner. There are times in life when prayers remain unanswered and fear on all sides threaten to overwhelm. These are times when hope flies to other climes like summer birds before the onset of winter. But this is just a feeling as shown by the next stanza wherein the speaker wonders why he has not succumbed to failure. His heart overflows with words of gratitude that he never thought he would need to say. Of course, miracles such as these do not always take place when one asks for them. He admits that it is easy to give in to one’s fears. There are times when one cannot think straight because of the pain or see one’s way through the rain. (Rain here is used a s a metaphor meaning a state of suffering). It is then when a small but still resilient voice can be heard, saying that love can provide relief, love is the solution. The lyrics do not say whose voice it is, but the concluding paragraph hints that the voice is God’s voice. Everyone who is alive on this planet goes through difficult times. The song

Private Limited Companies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Private Limited Companies - Essay Example This discussion gives various aspects of the Company law, the development of the private limited company and the role of the joint stock companies. Private and public companies tend to depend on economic forms of centralizing, organizing and operating capital and with the availability of the registration process from the acts of 1852 and 1882, and these companies could gain limited liability from the process. The explanation on why this has occurred could be understood on the basis of the economic circumstance following the great depression. The historical process related to the formation of companies has been related to economic changes through the great depression as well as legal procedures available. The birth of the private limited company has a long history and in the centre of such history lies technological contributions and the innovation processes of the companies, the legal structure of the time and the economic policies and effects of the market that either brought about success or failure of such limited companies. Innovation or changing certain functions and structures of an organization is viewed as a process of organizational dynamics rather than a consequence of technological developments and the focus is on corporate governance through innovation and vice versa. Freeman et al (2007) used example of the British coastal shipping companies in the early 19th century as their approach to business changed with the introduction of steam technology. The transition also brought in changes in the decision making process and there were some assumptions on shareholder involvement in this sector. Governance relations were however very important in private companies as were reso urce allocation decisions. In a study, Weir et al (2005) suggest that with poor stock market performance, companies tend to go private due to reasons of undervaluation. With management buy outs the firms are privatized due to non optimal governance structures and problems with institutional ownership (Weir et al, 2005). Existing firms with poor market valuation and with limited market pressure tend to engage in more private transactions. Providing arguments for and against privatization of companies, Sellers (2003) stated that private companies can become public agencies although these have to be in accordance with government demands and contracts. In fact the government is responsible for making suggestions and setting up the requirements and provides recommendations to private companies and this government suggestion turn private companies more like public ones2. The company managers are sometimes caught between these needs of government contracts and their own business acumen (Sellers, 2003). These are however some problems of change from private to public agency although government aid would be an advantage in this case. The stock market perf

Euro-Debt Crisis and the European Union Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Euro-Debt Crisis and the European Union - Essay Example Rather than specifically call out any of the EU member states, Christine Lagarde calls on the ECB to fully commit reserve funding to deploy bailouts. The problem with this particular viewpoint is that the European Union is becoming more and more entwined with the internal political and economic desperation that is exhibited among the weakest links within the Union’s membership. Although attempting to save the European Union has been a central theme of the combined efforts of the world’s most influential financial body (the IMF), these efforts have dragged on and on and look increasingly unlikely to avert a crisis and/or disaster that is already unfolding before the eyes of the viewer (Wall Street Journal 1). The situation with Greece is but one example. Although the article in question deals mostly with the IMF’s implied directions regarding Spanish liquidity, this is just another example of the debt contagion that threatens to envelop the economies Greece, Spain, Italy, Portugal, and Ireland (PIIGS). In the article, Lagarde goes on to implore the domestic/state actors of the respective economies to fully cooperate with all haste and cooperation with the efforts of the European Central Bank. One interesting component of this advice is the fact that many of these state actors are playing a very tenuous balancing game. This balancing game is accented by attempting to employ the rigid austerity measures that the ECB requires in order for the disbursal of any further monetary aid/loans/bailout package, the fear that the European Union will eventually collapse and the consequential reaction to withhold resources in order to prepare for a worst-case scenario forcible exit from the Eurozone. It is for precisely this reason that Christine Lagarde is so adamant that each of these nations commits themselves fully to the proposition of saving the Euro.

Course Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Course Project - Assignment Example Such brainstorming combines fun, brainpower, thought process and creativity all in one. The target groups of this game board are industrialist, marketers, and start-up enterprises aimed at stimulating marketing ideas necessary for edging modern business competitive environment. I must emphasize though, the uniqueness of this new game model because playing a game like this promotes and brings on board the whole entrepreneurial idea. There are several board games in the market but as far as the core innovation is based, the Know your Opponent game will revolutionize and alter existing game instructions. Of all tons of board games in the market, none can be compared to this innovation and its entrepreneurial concepts. Our approach has taken the core idea of a stratagem board game and building on that a slightly fresh track will eventually lead to transformational board game improvement. To facilitate the success on this project I work with a team of four personnel: the financial officer, the design office, purchase and supply and marketing panel. The finance officer ensures that all budgetary allocation and inventories are up to date whereas the design office formulates the board game prototype and clear specifications; the purchase and supply office ensures that all specifications to manufacturer are met and ensure timely delivery. Lastly, is the marketing team works tirelessly to ensure our products are visible and sells in the market. In terms of financing board game, together with my savings I intend to approach a bank manager for a loan to aid in the launch. According to estimations, a sum of $25,000 will be enough to see off the project and sustain its entry to the market for some days. The board game market is totally constricted, however depending on how successive the games sales and customer feedback outcomes, we look forward in developing new products. Building trust will put as at high par at meeting the

Evaluate an existing information management system within healthcare Case Study

Evaluate an existing information management system within healthcare organization in the Abudhabi hospitals - Case Study Example It is evident from the argument of research scholars that implementation of IMS in hospitals is a pertinent but hotly debated topic. Hence, the researcher has decided to dig deep in this topic by shedding light on existing IMS in hospitals of UK. Description and Functional Evaluation In UK, majority of hospitals are covered under the supervision of National Health Service Estate hence these hospitals show the common tendency while implementing a new IT application. Puig-Junoy (2000) and Tsai and Molinero (2002) have pointed out that in most of the cases, hospitals implement a new system in order to decrease the patient management cost. However, these researchers have suggested that hospitals should implant those systems which can save money and time of patients and deliver service in profitable manner. E-Prescribing has been selected by the researcher as the IMS to study in this paper. Hospitals like Chelsea and Westminster Healthcare NHS Trust has already been implemented the e-Pres cribing in order to manage cost of servicing patients (European Commission, 2012). Although e-Prescribing might sound like it’s the electronic version of formal prescription but in real scenario it’s much more than prescribing. E-Prescribing is the modified version of patient management facilities which requires active involvement of stakeholders such as doctors, nurses, patients and many others. Generally hospitals such as Chelsea and Westminster Healthcare NHS use e-Prescribing as packaged software but there examples, where hospitals use customized version of e-Prescribing. Now, the study will try to understand what exactly meant by e-Prescribing. NHS Connecting for Health (NHS CFH) (2009) has defined E-Prescribing as the information management system which is created in order to facilitate and enhance the communication of medicine order or prescription, increasing the options for administration of hospitals to provide medicine to patients in accordance with their pr escription, creating decision support and audit support system for the hospital to manage medicines used throughout the treatment of patients. In simple words, objective of e-prescribing is to manage patient information in efficient manner and help the hospital to audit its medicines used per patients. Many of the UK hospitals create the link between e-Prescribing and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) in order to help audit section of the hospital to conduct the cost-benefit analysis of its patient service. Implementation of e-Prescribing system is stepwise process which involves the engagement of various clinical stakeholders such as doctors, patient care division in the hospital, Information Management and Technology (IM&T) professionals, senior clinicians, senior managers etc. Specifically, IM&T is responsible for providing technical and infrastructural support to e-Prescribing (NHS CFH, 2009). E-Prescribing cannot be viewed as simple automation of manual task function for presc ribing medicines rather than it should be viewed as transformative process. For example, using e-Prescribing empowers doctor and nurses can change the traditional prescribing process and indicate the

Five key different functional activities Essay Example for Free

Five key different functional activities Essay Set out the main points of the contribution of five key different functional activities carried out in a selected business organisation towards its strategic aims and objectives. Human Resources Human Resources will be in charge of employing all new staff that the business need. However in order for this to work, Human Resources need to know what kind of staff they need how many. HR will also go through all the applications of the applicants; this will happen so they can narrow the amount of people to be interviewed down. They will narrow it down by seeing if the person can offer what the company requires. For Tescos this will be good communication skills, working with others and working alone, this is because Tesco want to know if the employee will be able to offer customer service at the standard of Tesco. If the employees do this then they will be able to achieve their aims and objectives of the business as they are to treat all customers how they wanted to be treated and to try harder for customers then anyone else. Marketing Marketing makes the audience aware that there is a specific product out there. However in order to market the product, the department have to know how much it is going to cost, how much it will roughly cost them, what size, colour and design will take form before marketing the product itself. Marketing will be via Radio, Television, Newspapers, Flyers, and Billboards etc. as these are the main forms of marketing a product. Tesco will Market via television and radio. They will put the adverts on television during times when many audiences would be watching, e.g. during the breaks of a Saturday night show. Tesco would put adverts on radio during rush hour time on the most listened to radio station to get more audiences. However the unique thing about the Tesco adverts is that they will give offers on products. By Tesco showing their products to the public via marketing by means of TV, radio etc. it will encourage people to come to Tescos to buy their products; this will consequently lead to more sales and more customer service this means Tesco have used marketing to get to their overall aims and objectives, which is to try harder for customer. Customer Service For a business to get more customers they will need customer service at the highest quality; this means providing a quick and an effective service. Also customer service will include things such as having in depth knowledge about products and being able to sell them describing the product(s) and its features well enough will help to get the customer interested. If you have sold the product to a certain customer and they come back saying it doesnt work then you will have to give a customer service at the highest quality and give them a replacement while you fix theirs; this could mean resolving complaints quicker and effectively. For Tesco they would provide a quick, reliable and effective service to the customers as their mission statement is to provide a life long loyalty to their customers. If a customer brought a product from Tesco e.g. a DVD player and it didnt work then Tesco will exchange / replace the customers product until theirs is fixed, or give them discount on another product that is similar. Tesco also have a 48 hour customer complaint line where by Tesco get back to the customer(s) within 48 hours of receiving the complaint. If they do this they are achieving their aims and objectives because their aims are to try harder for customers and treat every customer how they want to be treated. Finance The finance department has to spend its money wisely; and spend at the right time for the business, e.g. to make an investment. They must also manage the budget of the company to make sure they are not over spending, but spending the right amount all items. They must also make sure they prioritise which functional areas are the most in need of the money in order to move forward. In order for Tescos to achieve their aims and objectives finance wise, they must make sure they are keeping track of the money used and to see if they are able to give discounts to their loyal customers. This way they can offer customers discounts on certain items or send them vouchers for certain things they can only do this by looking into their club card for what kind of items they buy on a regular basis and then give them discount on that. Also the Tesco finance team have been able to dig out some money to buy vans for home delivery. This way customers will be able to get products from the Tesco website and get it delivered to their doorstep, this way Tesco are achieving their aims and objectives because they are trying harder for the customer. Sales The sales team would sell the product(s) on sale. The more sales staff they employ the more chances of selling more products becomes more possible. However it is important to have the opening times longer during the day; (early start, late finish). The sales team may also have a website to sell their products and also give more information to the customers; in most cases internet sales are cheaper then buying them in the store. Tesco have an internet website; however you have to be a member, this way Tesco will get more customers. In Tesco stores that are all Tesco Extra, they will be open for 24 hours a day. They have people in certain areas of the supermarket that specialise in certain things, such as technology and mobile phones and they will have their own departments; where as someone else might be working with another person that specialise in the same thing which may be fruit and veg; and they would have their departments as well. Therefore if customers want something in particular they can go the department area; this way Tesco are able to sell their products to customers easily. Tesco also have many tills and self scanning services to achieve their aims and objectives; this is because customers will come in and be able to shop and take their products home quickly and easily, this way Tesco will be achieving their aims and objectives because they are trying harder for customer by making it easier for them to go certain areas of the supermarket and paying for the item e.g. electronics department / self scanning machines / tills.

Using Photographs from the web Essay Example for Free

Using Photographs from the web Essay The benefit of having so many visuals today is unbelievable. Since we have so visuals today it makes it easier to communicate with people. We are able to communicate with people without using any words, just using visuals. The new technology and resources like face book, YouTube, and motion pictures. With this type of technology it makes it easier to communicate without using words. It also expands your communication because now you’re able to communicate with people that normally wouldn’t be able to communicate. Having ccess to so many visuals you can further your education. Their also challenges you will have to face having so many visuals at your dispense. Copyrights come in effect; you can’t just use any photo for your benefit without having copyrights permission. Copyrights are their help the artist so you will get credited. Using visual sometimes can lead to miscommunication if the message is not interpreted right. Sometimes the visuals might mislead you if you don’t comprehend the message. These challenges with visuals could hurt you at the same it also can help you achieve goals. Now on the legal side of copyrights, just because you don’t see the copyright symbol doesn’t mean it’s not protected by copyrights because it is. You need permission if you want to e-mail published research, put a report online post a news story and photocopies for articles for meetings. The only thing that is not protected by copyrights is ideas, facts and data. There is also an act called fair use where you can use commentary, parody, news reporting, scholarly research, and education. The content used for educational purposes falls under the copyright doctrine of fair use. Fair use is the right to use copyrighted material without permission or payment under some circumstances. The US copyright act list for factors to help determine to use fair use such as: the purpose character of the use, the nature of the copyrighted work, the effect of the market, and the amount of substantiality. The possible ethical and legal implications of using these photos is when public view can be photographed, but private places require consent. The legal and ethical issues to keep in mind hen using social media and thus is ensure your research profile is raised for all the right reasons, not the wrong ones. The key is to remember that all the laws, policies and social rules that apply in real life also apply on the internet. These issues can be avoided on the internet if you simply exercise precautions. Follow rules from your everyday life, such as not sharing private information with strangers or stealing media from a store. The Internet is a powerful tool that can improve the overall quality of your life if used ethically and legally.

Principles of Motivational Interviewing

Principles of Motivational Interviewing Motivational Interviewing Assignment Introduction: For the purpose of this assignement this student will identify 4 principles of Motivational Interviewing (MI) based on Miller and Rollnick’s (2002a) skilful clinical method of communication, comparing and contrasting these principles with the Digial Recording from my Laboratory work, concluding with the contribution that MI has made to the provision of nursing practice. What is Motivational Interviewing: The World Health Organisation (WHO) clearly identified Health Promotion as â€Å"†¦ the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (WHO 1986), however, there have been â€Å"feelings of frustration† recorded from primary health care workers (HCW) when interacting with patients in relation to making healthy lifestyle changes. This has been attributed in part, due to a lack of motivation in patients and therefore the patient may be adverse to change (Percival, 2013). Miller Rollnick (2002b) hope that HCW by using a collaboration of MI techniques may bring about positive change within a patient, by promoting their hopes and aspirations for the future, drawing on their tangible strengths and using motivation as the mechanism to achieve this change. Indeed, Miller and Rollnick (2002c) defined MI as: â€Å"It is a collaborative, not a prescriptive, approach, in which the counsellor evokes the person’s own intrinsic motivation and resources for change.† Principles of Motivational Interviewing: Miller Rollnick in 2002 identified a number of guiding principles for MI; expressing empathy, develop discrepancy, roll with resistance and support self-efficacy, further reviewed by Rollnick et al. (2008) and expressed using the acronym RULE: Resist the righting reflex, Understanding person’s motivation, Listen with empathy and Empower the person. To achieve success in MI using these principles, there are certain skills that must be utilised in a positive and effective outcome, for instance asking open questions, affirming the strengths of the patient and reflecting back or summing up what you have heard. Assess and critique of digital recording using identified principles: Resist the Righting Reflex: A natural and automatic reaction of the HCP is to make things â€Å"right† by fixing a problem, this stems from their training and experience in healthcare. Through the role play I feel that I spent too long trying to redirect the patient back to the topic of smoking, wanted to right the situation and I wouldn’t take verbal and nonverbal cues that the patient did not want to talk about smoking at that given time, it seemed to me that she had a greater desire to vent her feelings about her current marital situation including the recent infidelity, from a biopsychosocial perspective this was central to her recovery, and yet I returned on a number of occasions to the question of smoking albeit in a covert manner. The patient was in a state of pre-contemplation (Prochaska and DiClemente 1986), whereby she didn’t want to engage in any confrontational situation, believing that she did not need to change her habits regarding smoking, upon reflection the patient appeared pressured to into accepting change which further exacerbated her lack of desire to change. It appears that there was an increase in persistent resistance from the patient, which was as a direct outcome of me reverting back to the issue of smoking, therefore it is probable to say that in this scenario as a result of my desire to â€Å"right† the situation, I in fact made it worse, creating an underlying tension which was not beneficial for the patient’s recovery. I feel that a better approach would have been to gently broach the subject, with an understanding and acceptance that this was not the right time to discuss smoking cessation as the patient had other ongoing stressors. If by looking at and talking with the patient about her current biopsychosocial and socioecological stressors, I may have developed greater insight into what exactly may motivate this patient, therefore giving me clearer collateral to help develop my objective of discussing smoking cessation. Exploring and understanding the individual’s motivation: The patients own motives for change are more often than not prone to initiating change, however, in this scenario there was no indication that the patient was voicing any indicators that they wanted to change their smoking habbit, yes, she had mentioned that she had given up in the past and though I tried to develop that area it was met with resistence. Instead of trying to reason why this person isn’t motivated, I should have looked at what it is exactly that motivates her, irrespective of her current situation. There was scope to develop this as the patient showed great concern for her children, a key discrepancy in her concerns and her current smoking habit, this is a focal point that I should and could have developed further. In her current situation the patients confidence appeared to be extremely low, however I could have measured a true subjective rating in her confidence level by asking her a simple rating question â€Å"to rate from 0-10 how ready are you†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . This would have given me a springboard on which to probe for further motivational factors. Again by asking simple open ended questions such as: â€Å"what do you want to achieve? or how important is this for you?† it would have given greater insight into what motivates the patient by denoting what their goals are. As such, my focus was to talk about smoking cessation and unfortunately I didn’t pay much attention to signals; identifying what interests and concerns the patient was currently experiencing. There were small marked areas of ambivalence, which some (Mill Red 2008) regard as normal in MI and it was apparent at this time that the cons to giving up smoking outweighed the pros thus the patient appears to be somewhat unmotivated. Listening with empathy Empathy entails the HCP to listen to and engage with the patient in a non-judgmental manner. I expressed an understanding of how personal this experience was for the patient asking them to focus on their own issues and recovery, it could have been very easy for me to have been blasà © about the circumstances leading up to the admission, accepting what the patient was telling me in a non judgmental way. Giving a summary reflection, I paraphrased what the patient had told be asking for affirmation that I had an understanding of the current situation, which helped me to contextualise and use the patients own frame of reference. I listened for ‘change talk†, but couldn’t identify any desire, ability, reasons, need, commitment or taking steps towards instigating change, therefore the patient may not have been ready to engage in MI, however, it was a brief encounter of 5 minutes, giving me good insight into the patients current situation. The patient may not have been able to articulate their true convictions because of fear, lack of cognizance or increased anx iety due to her physical ill health and also the far reaching impact of her partner’s infidelity. Upon reflection my opening of â€Å"tell me about your problem† was poor and should have been more open and empathetic could have been more, I should have used â€Å"tell me about it† I felt that I displayed some very good attributes to listening empathetically; my body language and posture were open, engaging and receptive. I was non-confrontational or judgemental and verbally exhibited this through an appropriate use of tone and pitch, however, as mentioned earlier, I missed some important cues and felt that I didn’t ‘roll with resistance’, though it must be noted that working in a psychiatric environment there are less time constraints and more opportunities to develop an augmented MI working relationship with a patient. Empower the patient: Erickson et al. (2005) deemed that a person can increase their belief in the probability of change based on their ‘past successes’, so by focusing on the patient’s strengths and allowing them to achieve their own goal(s) the HCP can give the responsibility, ownership and control of choices back to the patient. It is within this stage that the HCP has to be a facilitator and motivator to the patient. Again the use of ‘scale questions’ can be very beneficial to the patient allowing them to rate how they perceive their situation allowing them to focus on their skills and strengths. As with all interventions in nursing, the skillset is with the clinician and MI can only work effectively if used correctly. Throughout the role play there were a number of positive example of where I was empowering the patient, starting with â€Å"I am not hear to lecture or preach to you, just to talk to you†¦Ã¢â‚¬  this I felt set expectations with the patient though it could have been more specific to smoking cessation. Focusing on strengths and positives; I asked â€Å"what did you do before to give†¦Ã¢â‚¬  showing the patient that they have succeeded in stopping smoking in the past. The patient expressed concerns about intrinsic family issues, though acknowledging that these are important, I advised the patient to focus and ‘concentrate on themselves in the here and now’. There were a number of pitfalls that I should have avoided such as using technical terms ‘psychosocial/biopsychosocial’ as the patient may not have understood what I meant, I should have kept it short and simple, mirroring the language used by the patient. Another area that should have been avoided was when I asked â€Å"when did you start smoking again? I know you don’t want to talk about it but..† as I feel that this reaffirmed a negative with the patient, contrasting strongly with the strengths and positives previously identified. Patients’ own arguments for change can be more persuasive than any arguments that an HCP may put forward, but it must be noted. Concentrate on the here and now†¦ It is fundamental that the HCP engages with the client in an open, non-confrontational manner with the HCP not falling into the trap of being the expert trying to assess the patient, apportioning blame or having preconceived ideas/beliefs regarding the patient. Conclusion: The Contribution that MI has mad to Nursing Practice. MI by the virtue of its patient centredness, MI affords itself to be used in a wide array of clinical settings through the use of interpersonal relationship (Rollnick and Miller 1995) allowing healthcare providers to be at one with the patient (Sobell Sobell 1993). There have been, in excess of 200 Randomised clinical trials validating the efficacy of MI in a wider cohort of nursing interventions (REF). It appears from the research that there are more studies needed to validate the true clinical efficacy of MI, however, MI has been used successfully in a multiplicity of settings from from smoking/alcohol cessation, improved efficacy in medication adherence, clients with Cancer (Thomas et al. 2012) HIV, weight management, indeed MI could and should be used all encounters between HCP and patients. The UK’s National Health Servce is rolling out a programme through all sectors about making every encounter count† which has its basis in MI. The WHO actively encourages the use of MI for those working on a quit lines when used in combination with theoretical approaches (WHO, 2014). Talking therapies have been complimented by the symbiotic use of MI in the promotion of health and as such must be embraced across all segments of the health sector, affording self-efficacy in positive outcomes for the patient. References: Mill Red 2008) Erickson, S. J.,Gerstle, M., Feldstein, S.W. (2005). Brief interventions and motivational interviewing with children, adolescents and their parents in paediatric health care settings. Archives of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 159, 1173–1180 Miller, W. R. (1983). Motivational interviewing with problem drinkers. Behavioural Psychotherapy, 11, 147–172. Miller W.R. (1995) Motivational Enhancement Therapy with Drug Abusers http://motivationalinterview.org/Documents/METDrugAbuse.PDF(Accessed 13/10/2014) Miller W, Rollnick S (2010) What’s New Since MI-2, 2’nd International Conference on Motivational Interviewing, Stockholm, Sweden. (Last accessed: 14/10/2014) http://www.motivationalinterview.org/Documents/Miller-and-Rollnick-june6-pre-conference-workshop.pdf Miller, W. Rollnick S. (2002a pg. 41) Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People for Change, 2nd edn. Guilford Press, New York Miller, W. and Rollnick, S. (2002b) Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People for Change, 2nd edn. Pg 22 New York; The Guilford Press Miller, W. and Rollnick, S. (2002c pg.41) Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People for Change, 2nd edn. New York; The Guilford Press. Moyers, T. Rollnick S. (2002) A motivational interviewing perspective on resistance in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy in Practice 58, 185–193. Percival, J. (2013) Healthy lifestyle changes – getting beyond the ‘difficult’ conversationNovember 2013 | Volume 23 | Number 9 RCN London Prochaska J.O, DiClemente C.C (1986) Towards a comprehensive model of change. In Miller WR, Heather N (Eds) Treating Addictive Behaviors: Processes of Change. Plenum Press, New York NY, 3-27. Rogers C. (1951) Client-Centered Therapy. Houghton-Mifflin, Boston, MA. Rollnick, S. Miller, W. and Butler, C. (2008) Motivational Interviewing in Health Care. London; The Guilford Press. Sobell M.B. Sobell L.C. (1993) ProblemDrinkers. Guilford Press, New York. Thomas, M.L. (2012), Elliott, J.L., Rao, S.M. Fahey, K.F. Paul, S.P Miaskowski, C. A Randomized, Clinical Trial of Education or Motivational-Interviewing–Based Coaching Compared to Usual Care to Improve Cancer Pain Management: Vol. 39, No. 1, January 2012 Oncology Nursing Forum White, W.L. Miller, W.R. (2007) The use of confrontation in addiction treatment: history, sciences and time for change. Counsellor 8, 12–30. WHO (2009) Milestones in Health Promotion, Statements from Global Conferences. Accessed 17/10/2014 /http://www.who.int/healthpromotion/Milestones_Health_Promotion_05022010.pdf?ua=1 WHO (2014) Training for tobacco quit line counsellors: telephone counselling. WHO, Geneva. 1