Gcse History Revision Notes – Germany

History Revision Notes Germany Weimar strengths and wobblynesses The Weimar Republic After Germany lost the First World War, the Kaiser fled and a new democratic government of Germany was declared in February 1919 at the sm solely town of Weimar. It was too riskinessous to make a declaration in Berlin where there had just been a revolt by a communistic conclave called the Spartacists. STRENGTHS A Bill of Rights guaranteed both German citizen freedom of speech and religion, and equality under the natural law. All men and women over the age of 20 were abandoned the vote. There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag (parliament). The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which had to do what the Reichstag wanted. WEAKNESSES Proportional representation instead of voting for an MP, like we do in Britain,Weimar Germans voted for a party. Each party was then allocated seats in the Reichstag exactly reflecting (proportional to) the fare of quite a l ittle who had voted for it. This sounds fair, entirely in practice it was a disaster it resulted in scores of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to lounge about a majority, and, therefore, no government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag. This was a major weakness of the Republic. obligate 48 this said that, in an emergency, the president did non need the allotment of the Reichstag, but could issue decrees Decrees Laws passed by one minister in a parliament, which score not been approved by the majority parliament. . The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and in the end, it turned out to be a way that Hitler employ to collide with power legally. Weimar problems 1919-1923 The Weimar Republic faced opposition from the outset in 1919, after the signing of the conformity of Versailles. Economic hardship affected the whole commonwealth and led to uprisings and assassinations.Key problems The Weimar Republic was created at a time of co nfusion and chaos after Germany had lost the First World War. many another(prenominal) tribe felt that Germany had authorized a real harsh deal in the Treaty of Versailles and they resented the government for signing it and agreeing to its conditions. The Weimar Republic faced violent uprisings from various groups, not to mention scotch problems. Germany between 1918 and 1919 was in chaos. People were starving, the Kaiser had fled and people hated the government for signing the armistice to end the war in November 1918 they called them the November criminals.Bands of soldiers called Freikorps refused to disband and formed private armies. It was not a good start for the Republic. There was continuous violence and unrest In March 1920, there was a rebellion the Kapp coup that aimed to bring screen the Kaiser . Nationalist terror groups assassinated 356 government politicians. Many of the people in Germany were communists who wanted to bring in a Russian-style communist go vernment. There were a number of communist uprisings. For instance, in 1919 the Spartacists rebelled in Berlin. pic The Kapp Putsch march in March 1920, the right-wing subjectist Dr Wolfgang Kapp took over Berlin. The army refused to attack him he was just disappointed when the wrickers of Berlin went on strike. The Weimar governments main crisis occurred in 1923, when the Germans failed to make a reparations payment ( payments made for damage caused in WW1. Part of T of V) on time, which set off a train of correctts that included a French invasion of the Ruhr a general strike hyperinflation a number of communist rebellions an attempted national socialist putsch in Munich Weimar crisis of 1923The 1923 crisis began when Germany missed a reparations payment. This shoes spiralled out of delay and once again the German people were unhappy and in financial difficulty, so uprisings occurred throughout the domain. Hyperinflation The emergent flood of paper money into the ec onomy, on top of the general strike which meant that no goods were manufactured, so there was more than money, chasing fewer goods combined with a weak economy ruined by the war, all resulted in hyperinflation. Prices ran out of control eg a loaf of bread, which cost 250 label in January 1923 had risen to 200,000 million marks in November 1923.Germans currency became worthless. But remember Some people made fortunes during the crisis. One man borrowed money to buy a herd of cattle, but in brief after paid back his loan by selling one cow. People on wages were safe, because they renegotiated their wages every day. Pensioners on fixed incomes and people with savings were the most badly hit. One woman sold her house with the intention of utilize the money to live on. A few weeks later, the money wasnt even enough to buy a loaf of bread. The Early national socialist Party The national socialist ideology Lebensraum the need for living space for the German nation to expand. A strong Germany the Treaty of Versailles should be abolished and all German-speaking people united in one coarse. Fuhrer the mentation that there should be a single attracter with complete power rather than a democracy. complaisant Darwinism the idea that the Aryan race was superior and Jews were sub wait onman. Autarky the idea that Germany should be frugalally self-sufficient. Germany was in danger from Communists and Jews, who had to be destroyed. The appeal of the Nazis In the 1920s, the Nazis tried to be all things to all people.The 25-Point Programme had policies that were Socialist eg farmers should be apt(p) their land pensions should improve and public industries much(prenominal)(prenominal) as electricity and water should be owned by the state. Nationalist all German-speaking people should be united in one country the Treaty of Versailles should be abolished and there should be special laws for foreigners. Racist Jews should not be German citizens an d immigration should be stopped. Fascist a strong central government and control of the newspapers. The Nazis did not appeal to working men who voted Communist intellectuals such as students and university professors They were popular with nationalists and racists farmers lower middle-class people such as plumbers and shopkeepers who were worried about the chaos Germany was in rich people worried by the threat from Communism Rebellions Unsurprisingly, the hardships created by hyperinflation led to many uprisings as groups struggled to take power from Weimar. The Munich Putsch 1923 In November 1923, Hitler tried to take advantage of the crisis facing the Weimar government by instigating a revolution in Munich.It seemed like the perfect chance, but poor planning and misjudgement resulted in failure and the subsequent imprisonment of Adolf Hitler. Summary At first, the Nazis were just a terrorist group. Hitler assembled a large group of unemployed one-year-old men and former soldiers, known as the storm troopers (the SA), which attacked other semipolitical groups. Hitler hoped to take power by starting a revolution During the crisis of 1923, therefore, Hitler plotted with dickens nationalist politicians Kahr and Lossow to take over Munich in a revolution.Hitler collected his storm troopers and told them to be ready to rebel. But then, on 4 October 1923, Kahr and Lossow called off the rebellion. This was an impossible situation for Hitler, who had 3,000 troops ready to fight. pic Hitler waved a gun at Khar and Lossow On the night of 8 November 1923, Hitler and 600 storm troopers burst into a meeting that Kahr and Lossow were holding at the local Beer Hall. Waving a gun at them, Hitler forced them to agree to rebel and then let them go home. The SA took over the army headquarters and the offices of the local newspaper. 16 Nazis were killed in the scuffleThe next day, 9 November 1923, Hitler and his Nazis went into Munich on what they thought would b e a triumphal march to take power. However, Kahr had called in police and army reinforcements. There was a short scuffle in which the police killed 16 Nazis. Hitler fled, but was arrested devil days later. Why did Hitler attempt the Munich Putsch in 1923? 1. By 1923, the Nazi party had 55,000 members and was stronger than ever onward. 2. The Weimar Republic was in crisis and about to collapse. 3. In September 1923, the Weimar government had called off the general strike, and every German nationalist was furious with the government. . Hitler thought he would be helped by important nationalist politicians in Bavaria. 5. Hitler had a huge army of storm troopers, but he knew he would lose control of them if he did not go against them something to do. 6. Hitler hoped to copy Mussolini the Italian fascist leader who had come to power in Italy in 1922 by marching on Rome. Results of the Munich Putsch The Munich Putsch was a failure. As a result 1. The Nazi party was banned, and Hitler was prevented from speaking in public until 1927. 2. Hitler went to prison, where he wrote Mein Kampf.Millions of Germans read it, and Hitlers ideas became very well-known. 3. Hitler discrete that he would neer come to power by revolution he realised that he would pack to use constitutional means, so he organised o the Hitler younker o propaganda campaigns o mergers with other right-wing parties o local branches of the party, which tried to get Nazis elected to the Reichstag o the SS as his personal bodyguard, which was set up in 1925 It was this strategy of gaining power legitimately that eventually brought him to power. How did the Weimar Republic survive?In 1923 the Weimar Republic was teetering at the brink of a very large cliff with problems such as hyperinflation, attempted revolutions and public discontent, pushing it increasingly towards the edge. How could the Republic possibly survive? Gustav Stresemann and Charles Dawes In 1923, the Weimar Republic was on the verge of collapse, but, surprisingly, the crisis was the start of a pointedness of stability and success. The period 1923-1929 was a time when the economy boomed and cultural invigoration flourished in Germany. This dramatic turnabout happened because Germany was saved by cardinal people Gustav Stresemann and Charles Dawes.Gustav Stresemann had been a nationalist, but he realised that something needed to be done to save Germany. Under Stresemanns guidance, the government called off the strike, persuaded the French to leave the Ruhr and even got the rest of the gentleman to allow Germany to join the League of Nations in 1926. Stresemann also introduced reforms to help ordinary people such as job centres, unemployment pay and better housing. Charles Dawes was the US compute director. In 1923, he was sent to Europe to sort out Germanys economy. Under his advice, the German Reichsbank was reformed and the old money was called in and burned.This ended the hyperinflation. Dawes also pose t he Dawes Plan with Stresemann, which gave Germany longer to pay reparations. Most importantly, Dawes agreed to America lending Germany 800 million gold marks, which kick-started the German economy. Was Weimar stable during 1923-1929? Despite all the successes, many historians rely that the stability of the Weimar republic was illusory 1. The nationalists and fascists did not win many seats in the Reichstag, but they were allowed to exist and campaign, so they were just waiting for the right opportunity to attempt a takeover again. . Everything depended on American money if that stopped, Germany was ready to return to crisis. 3. No political party had a majority. Coalition govt struggled to agree and get laws passed. 4. Dawes Plan and new currency meant eco was stable Hitlers rise to power Hitlers rise to power cannot be attributed to one event, but a mixture of factors including events occurrent outside Germany, the strengths of the Nazi party, and the weaknesses of other parties within Germany. Hitler used these factors to his advantage and in 1933 he legitimately gained power to become chancellor.In 1929, the American Stock Exchange collapsed, and caused an economic depression. America called in all its foreign loans, which destroyed Weimar Germany due to the Dawes Plan. Unemployment in Germany rose to 6 million. The government did not know what to do. In July 1930 Chancellor Bruning tailor-make government expenditure, wages and unemployment pay the worst thing to do during a depression. He could not get the Reichstag to agree to his actions, so President Hindenburg used obligate 48 to pass the measures by decree. The Nazis gain support Anger and bitterness helped the Nazis to gain more support.Many workers turned to communism, but this frightened wealthy businessmen, so they financed Hitlers campaigns. Many middle-class people, alarmed by the obvious failure of democracy, decided that the country needed a strong government. Nationalists and racists bl amed the Treaty of Versailles and reparations. pic In 1928, the Nazis had exclusively 12 seats in the Reichstag by July 1932 they had 230 seats and were the largest party. The government was in chaos. President Hindenburg dismissed Bruning in 1932. His replacement Papen lasted six months, and the next chancellor Schleicher only lasted two months.Hindenburg had to use Article 48 to pass almost every law. In January 1933, Hindenburg and Papen came up with a plan to get the Nazis on their side by whirl to make Hitler vice chancellor. He refused and demanded to be made chancellor. They agreed, thinking they could control him. In January 1933, Hitler became chancellor, and immediately set about making himself absolute ruler of Germany using Article 48. Reasons why Hitler rose to power 1. Hitler was a great speaker, with the power to make people support him. 2. The moderate political parties would not work in concert, although together they had more support than the Nazis. . The dep ression of 1929 created poverty and unemployment, which made people angry with the Weimar government. People lost confidence in the democratic system and turned towards the radical political parties such as the Communists and Nazis during the depression. 4. The Nazi storm troopers attacked Hitlers opponents. 5. Goebbels propaganda campaign was very effective and it won support for the Nazis. The Nazis targeted specific groups of society with different slogans and policies to win their support. 6. Hitler was given power in a political deal by Hindenburg and Papen who foolishly thought they could control him. . German people were still angry about the Treaty of Versailles and supported Hitler because he promised to overturn it. 8. Industrialists gave Hitler money and support. How Hitler consolidated power 1933-1934 Dates and events 1933-1934 Date Event 27 Feb 1933 Reichstag Fire Hitler used the fire to his advantage in two ways pic It gave him an opportunity to imprison many communi st leaders, which stopped them campaigning during the election. It allowed the Nazis to say that the country was in danger from the communists during its election campaign. Both these actions helped the Nazis to win more seats in the election. When the courts convicted Dutch Communist van der Lubbe, but did not convict otherCommunist leaders, Hitler was furious and replaced the courts with the Nazi Peoples Courts. 5 Mar 1933 General Election only 44 per cent of the population vote for the Nazis, who win 288 seats in the Reichstag. pic Although it did not give the Nazis the majority that Hitler had hoped for in the Reichstag, it gave them enough seats after Hitler had arrested all the communist deputies and the other parties had been intimidated by the SA to get the Enabling Act passed, which is all Hitler needed to do. 23 Mar 1933 Enabling Act the SA intimidates all the stay non-Nazi deputies. The Reichstag votes to give Hitler the right to make his pic own laws. Arguably the critical event it gave Hitler absolute power to make his laws. 26 April 1933 Local government is reorganised the country is carved up into 42 Gaus, which are run by a Gauleiter. These Gaus are separated pic into areas, localities and blocks of flats run by a Blockleiter. Hitler sets up the Gestapo. This put the Nazis in control of local government, and allowed the Gestapo to rule by terror. 2 May 1933 Trade unions are abolished and their leaders arrested. pic Abolishing the trade unions allowed Hitler to destroy a group that might study foreign him. It also gave Hitler the opportunity to set up the German Labour Front, which gave him control over German workers. 20 June 1933 Concordat Hitler makes an agreement with the Pope who sees him as someone who can destroy communism. This agreement allows pic Hitler to take over political power in Germany as long as he leaves the Catholic perform service alone.Hitlers agreement with the Pope was a temporary tru ce that allowed Hitler to ban the Catholic Zentrum party without opposition from the Catholic Church. 14 July 1933 Political parties are banned only the Nazi party is allowed to exist. pic Banning political parties made Germany a one-party state and destroyed democracy in the country. After this action, Germans could no longer get rid of Hitler in an election. 24 April 1934 Peoples Courts Hitler sets up the Nazi peoples courts where judges have to swear an oath of loyalty to the Nazis. pic These were set up to give Hitler greater control over the judgements made in courts. Hitler was furious because the courts did not sentence the communists to death for starting the Reichstag fire. 30 June 1934 Night of the Long Knives some SA leaders are demanding that the Nazi party carry out its socialist agenda, and that the SA pic take over the army.Hitler cannot afford to annoy the businessmen or the army, so the SS SS Also known as the Blackshirts. A German police/ military sty le organisation created to serve as the personal bodyguards of Adolf Hitler. In Hitlers Germany they eventually controlled the intelligence, security and police forces, and extermination of those they considered undesirable. murders perhaps four hundred of the SA members, including its leader Rohm, along with a number of Hitlers other opponents. This destroyed all opposition within the Nazi Party. It gave power to the brutal SS. It also showed the rest of the beingness what a tyrant Hitler was. 19 Aug 1934 Fuhrer when Hindenburg dies, Hitler declares himself jointly president, chancellor and head of the army. This formally made pic Hitler the absolute ruler of Germany. Many historians believe that Nazi Germany only appeared to be a dictatorship.In fact, officials were left to make most of the decisions themselves, and the Nazi government was badly-organised, and chaotic. Hitler and the army It is important to note that in 1934, the army was not subject to Hitlers authorit y. At this point, he still needed the armys support, which is why he destroyed the SA in the Night of the Long Knives. In 1938, army leaders hoped Hitlers plan to conquer the Sudetenland would fail and give them an opportunity to depose Depose To remove a ruler or monarch. him.When he suceeded, their attempt to get rid of him fell apart, and Hitler dismissed the chief of staff and 60 other generals. Thereafter, the army was also subservient to Hitler. The structures of control in the Nazi state Hitler introduced many policies and measures to ensure the Nazis remained in control, once he declared himself Fuhrer. These measures dealt with political opponents, as well as ordinary people, who suddenly found their private, social and working lives controlled by the Nazis. Seven key structures The Nazi party aimed to control every aspect of peoples political, social and working lives.It maintained control through a mixture of propaganda Propaganda A type of advertising for an idea or cau se, produced by supporters or opponents of that idea or cause. It is usually produced to influence how the people of a nation think. and intimidation. 1. Government (political) The way Hitler consolidated power in 1933-1934 meant that the Nazis had absolute control of national and local government. 2. Religion (social) Hitler believed that religion was a threat to the Nazis control over peoples minds, so he tried different ways to reduce the power of the church over people.Non-Nazi Catholic priests and Protestant pastors such as Martin Niemoller and Dietrich Bonhoffer were sent to concentration camps. Jews and Jehovahs Witnesses were openly persecuted. Hitler set up a state Reich Church, which banned the Bible and the cross. Nazis further people to revive the old Viking myths and ceremonies. 3. Culture (social) Hitler ordered Nazification the imposition of Nazi values on all aspects of German life. Artists had to produce acceptable paintings that portrayed Nazi values. Jaz z music was banned. Books written by Jews were publicly burned. Homosexuals were persecuted they did not fit the Nazi image of the ideal family. The majestic Games of 1936 were a huge Nazi propaganda success. 4. convey (working) Dr Robert Ley, head of the DAF DAF German Labour Front , boasted that he controlled workers lives from the cradle to the grave. The RAD (National Labour Service) sent young men on public works. Hitler introduced conscription in 1936 most men went into the army after the RAD. The DAF (German Labour Front) controlled workers conditions at work. The KdF (Strength through Joy) movement regulated their leisure time. . Education and youth (working) The lives of young people were controlled both in and out of school to turn them into fanatical Nazis. Non-Nazi watchers and university professors were sacked teachers had to join the National Socialist Teachers League. Textbooks were re-written to include Nazi political and racial ideas. History was taught t o glorify Germany. There was a concentration on physical fitness. Girls were taught cookery boys were taught science and maths. The Hitler Youth was compulsory it indoctrinated boys and watchful them for war. The Nazi Girls youth organisation the BDM was compulsory it indoctrinated girls and prepared them for church, baberen and cooking. 6. Terror (method of control) Germany became a country where it was unsafe to do or say anything critical of the government. SS and Gestapo (Secret State Police. ) Blockleiters in each block of flats and street informed on grumblers. Arrests of thousands of people terrified opponents. Set up Nazi peoples courts. Concentration camps.7. Propaganda (method of control) Josef Goebbels controlled the Propaganda Ministry, which aimed to brainwash people into obeying the Nazis and idolising Hitler. Mass rallies at Nuremberg. Newspapers were censored. Peoples radios were sold very cheaply, but broadcasts were controlled. Films were controlled to make films that glorified war and pilloried the Jews. Loudspeakers in public places blared out Nazi propaganda. Cult of personality Hitlers picture was everywhere, and he was portrayed as Germanys saviour. Women in the Nazi state Hitler had very clear ideas about the womans role in the Nazi state she was the centre of family life, a housewife and mother. Hitler even introduced a medal for women who had eight or more childrenThe role of women The Nazis had clear ideas of what they wanted from women. Women were expected to stay at home and look after the family. Women doctors, teachers and civil servants were forced to give up their careers. Even at the end of the war, women were never asked to serve in the armed forces. Their job was to keep the home nice for their husband and family their life should revolve round the three Ks church children cooking Goebbels said The mission of women is to be beautiful and to bring children into the world. Hitler wanted a high birth ra te, so the population would grow.The Nazis even considered making it law that families should have at least four children. Girls did keep fit in the BDM BDM Bund Deutscher Madel the German group for girls age 14+ to make themselves healthy for childbirth, but they were discouraged from staying slim, because it was thought that thin women had trouble giving birth. The Law for the Encouragement of Marriage gave newly wed couples a loan of 1,000 marks, and allowed them to keep 250 marks for each child they had. Mothers who had more than eight children were given a gold medal.Unmarried women could volunteer to have a baby for an Aryan Aryan a person of European decent (not Jewish) lots with blond hair and blue eyes the Nazis viewed as the superior human race member of the SS Women were supposed to emulate traditional German peasant fashions theatre peasant costumes, hair in plaits or buns and flat shoes. They were not expected to wear make-up or trousers, dye their hair or smok e in public. Opposition Those who spoke out against Hitler and his policies faced intimidation and threats from the Gestapo or imprisonment and in some cases execution.However, there were some brave individuals and groups who openly opposed Hitler and his policies. Who opposed Hilter? It was difficult and dangerous to oppose Hitler. However, some brave people did try 1. The Catholic Archbishop of Munster, von Galen, led a successful campaign to end euthanasia of mentally-disabled people. 2. Some Catholic priests opposed Hitler. In 1937, the Popes message With Burning Concern attacked Hitler as a mad prophet with repulsive arrogance and was read in every Catholic church. 3. The White Rose group was formed by students at Munich University.They published anti-Nazi leaflets, but were discovered and executed in 1944. 4. A paramilitary wing of the Social Democratic Party, called the Reichsbanner, sabotaged railway lines and acted as spies. 5. During the war, swing groups were formed. Th ese were young people who rejected Nazi values, drank alcohol and danced to jazz. More violent groups were called the Edelweiss Pirates. They daubed anti-Nazi slogans, sheltered deserters and beat up Nazi officials. In 1944, the Cologne Pirates (the Edelweiss Pirates based in Cologne) killed the Gestapo chief, so the Nazis publicly hanged 12 of them. . Many Protestant pastors, led by Martin Niemoller, formed the Confessional Church in opposition to Hitlers Reich Church. Niemoller was held in a concentration camp during the period 1937-1945. Another Protestant pastor, Dietrich Bonhoffer, took part in the 1944 bomb plot and was executed. 7. In 1944, a group of army officers and intellectuals called the Kreisau Circle tried to bomb Hitler. The bomb was planted by Colonel Stauffenberg. It exploded, but Hitler survived. In retaliation, 5,000 people were executed. Persecution Who did the Nazis persecute?The Nazis believed that only Germans could be citizens and that non-Germans did not ha ve any right to the rights of citizenship. The Nazis racial philosophy taught that some races were untermensch (sub-human). Many scientists at this time believed that people with disabilities or social problems were genetic degenerates whose genes needed to be eliminated from the human bloodline. The Nazis, therefore Tried to eliminate the Jews. Killed 85 per cent of Germanys Gypsies. Sterilised black people. Killed mentally disabled babies. Killed mentally ill patients. Sterilised physically disabled people and people with hereditary diseases. Sterilised deaf people. Put homosexuals, prostitutes, Jehovahs Witnesses, alcoholics, pacifists, beggars, hooligans and criminals who they regarded as anti-social into concentration camps. How the Nazis persecuted the Jews key dates 1933 Boycott of Jewish businesses. Jewish civil servants, lawyers and teachers sacked. Race Science lessons to teach that Jews are inferior 1935 Jews not wanted here signs put up at swimming pools etc . Nuremberg laws (15 September) Jews could not be citizens. They were not allowed to vote or to connect a German. 1938 Jews could not be doctors. Jews had to add the name Israel (men) or Sarah (women) to their name. Jewish children forbidden to go to school. Kristallnacht (9 November) attacks on Jewish homes, businesses and synagogues Synagogues These are places of Jewish worship and community. . pic A shop damaged during Kristallnacht 1939 Jews were forced to live in ghettoes. 1941 Army Einsatzgruppen squads in Russia started mass-shootings of Jews. All Jews were forced to wear a yellow star of David. 1942 Wansee Conference (20 January) decided on the Final Solution, which was to gas all Europes Jews.The main death camps were at Auschwitz, Treblinka and Sobibor. Economic policies and benefits Hitlers economic policy had four main ideas 1. Full employment the idea that everyone should have a job. By 1939, there was virtually no unemployment in Germany. 2. Beauty of Work the Nazis set up the SdA (Beauty of Work) to help Germans see that work was good, and that everyone who could work should. In fact because the Nazis had abolished the trade unions, banned strikes, and given more power to the industrialists real wages fell and hours were longer under Hitler. 3. Re-armament begun in 1935 the idea of guns before butter. . Autarky there was an unsuccessful attempt at making Germany self-sufficient.The good life in Nazi Germany Despite the loss of political and religious freedom, life improved in Germany for many ordinary people who were prepared to toe the line and look the other way. Everybody had a job, and a wage. To people who had been unemployed and starving, work and bread was a wonderful blessing worth every civil liberty they lost. The Nazis set up KdF (Strength through Joy), which gave workers rewards for their work evening classes, theatre trips, picnics, and even free holidays. The Nazis devised a scheme to allow workers to buy a Volks wagen Beetle car for a small weekly payment. People appreciated the public works eg new schools and hospitals. Nazi Youth groups provided activities and holidays for young people. How Hitler increased employment Hitler introduced many policies to fulfil his goal of full employment He stopped paying reparations and invested the money in German companies. He began a huge programme of public works including planting forests, and building hospitals and schools. He also built public buildings such as the 1936 Olympic Stadium.The construction of the autobahns created work for 80,000 men. Rearmament created jobs in the armaments industry. The introduction of national service meant all young men spent six months in the RAD RAD The labour service in which young men in Germany had to do a six-month compulsory stint. and then they were conscripted into the army. By 1939, 1. 4 million men were in the army, so they were not counted as unemployed. Many Jews were sacked and their jobs giv en to non-Jews. Many women were sacked and their jobs given to men.